Section outline

◄Module 3: Digitalization, transparency, and data sharing in water governance
►Certificate of Completion
    • Students must
      Mark as done

      Course conclusion

      This course has explored how digitalization reshapes transboundary water management through data-driven cooperation. Thank you for joining us! We hope our course has provided valuable insights and practical knowledge to apply in your work!

      Now you are invited to complete the final evaluation of the course! 

    • Course evaluation Quiz
      Students must
      Mark as done

    • Thank you and congratulations on following our entire course on digitalization in water management! 

      We hope you enjoyed the different inputs provided by the teaching team. This course began by exploring how structured monitoring systems enhance real-time decision-making. We then demonstrated that effective data systems depend on both technical infrastructure and inclusive governance, illustrated by Tunisia’s farmer-led sensor networks. The final module highlighted transparency as a multifaceted challenge, requiring data to be accessible, interpretable, and actionable, while emphasizing the political dimensions of measurement and the need for cooperative frameworks.

      Thanks again for following our course. We invite you to visit the different additional resources provided throughout the course. For further learning, explore the recommended reading list, as well as additional resources on the OSCE platform and the Geneva Water Hub website. Best wishes in your endeavors!

    • Welcome to the Post-course survey!

      Thank you for taking the e-learning course on the digitalization in the water sector. We would appreciate if you could give us your opinion on this final and anonymous survey. Your answers will help us assess this course to make improvements in further editions. The survey has three parts:

      1) about you,

      2) about the course content, and

      3) about your experience - and it will take you 10 minutes to complete.

      Thank you for your cooperation!

      [Link to the SurveyMonkey (to be provided by the OSCE)]

      • Collapse Expand

        References and further readings

        • References of the Module 1 

          1. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (2025). Data and information exchange in transboundary basins: An introductory tool to enhance governance and facilitate cooperation (D. Jara, Ed.). https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/9/6/591407.pdf

          2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2023). Updated strategies for monitoring and assessment of transboundary rivers, lakes and groundwaters (ECE/MP.WAT/70). United Nations. https://unece.org

          3. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2024). Good practices and lessons learned in data-sharing in transboundary basins (ECE/MP.WAT/73). United Nations. https://unece.org

          4. UNECE, UNESCO and UN-Water (2024). Progress on Transboundary Water Cooperation: Mid-term status of SDG Indicator 6.5.2, with a special focus on Climate Change, 2024. 

          Legal framework 

          1. United Nations (UN). (1997). Convention on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses. United Nations General Assembly Document A/51/869.
          2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). (1992, March 17). Convention on the protection and use of transboundary watercourses and international lakes. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/pdf/watercon.pdf  

          Links

          1. DanubeGIS | Your window to the Danube. Retrieved March 21, 2025, from https://www.danubegis.org/maps

          2. Sava GIS Geoportal.  Retrieved March 21, 2025, from https://savagis.org/map

          For further reading

          1. Botai, Joel & Ghosh, Surajit & Matheswaran, Karthikeyan & Dickens, Chris & Langa, Nkateko & Garcia, Mariangel. (2023). Options for Digital Twin Application in Developing Country River Basin Management: A Review. 10.13140/RG.2.2.10725.37605. (open access)

          2. Milman, A., Gerlak, A. K., Albrecht, T., Colosimo, M., Conca, K., Kittikhoun, A., Kovács, P., Moy, R., Schmeier, S., Wentling, K., Werick, W., Zavadsky, I., & Ziegler, J. (2020). Addressing knowledge gaps for transboundary environmental governance. Global Environmental Change, 64, 102162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102162 (open access)

          3. Mukuyu, P., Lautze, J., Rieu-Clarke, A., Saruchera, D., & McCartney, M. (2020). The devil’s in the details: data exchange in transboundary waters. Water International, 45(7–8), 884–900. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2020.1850026  (open access)

          4. Mukuyu, P., Lautze, J., Rieu-Clarke, A., Saruchera, D., & McCartney, M. (2023). Do needs motivate the exchange of data in transboundary waters? Insights from Africa’s shared basins. Water International, 48(8), 915–941. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2023.2177075 (open access)

          5. S. G. Yalew, P. van der Zaag, B. N. Tran, C. I. B. Michailovsky, E. Salvadore, E. Borgomeo, P. Karimi, S. Pareeth, S. D. Seyoum & M. L. Mul (2023) Open-access remote sensing data for cooperation in transboundary water management, Water International, 48:8, 955-974, DOI: 10.1080/02508060.2023.2263226.  (open access)

        • References of the Module 2 

          1. Damania, R., Desbureaux, S., Rodella, A.-S., Russ, J., & Zaveri, E. (2019). Quality unknown: The invisible water crisis. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1459-4

          2. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (2025). Data and information exchange in transboundary basins: An introductory tool to enhance governance and facilitate cooperation (D. Jara, Ed.). https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/9/6/591407.pdf  

          3. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2023). Updated strategies for monitoring and assessment of transboundary rivers, lakes and groundwaters. Geneva: United Nations. ISBN: 978-92-1-117316-1 

          4. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2024). Good practices and lessons learned in data-sharing in transboundary basins. Geneva: United Nations. ISBN: 978-92-1-003146-2 

          1. United Nations Environment Programme. (2023). Introduction to freshwater quality monitoring and assessment: Technical guidance document. UNEP GEMS/Water Capacity Development Centre. https://doi.org/10.59117/20.500.11822/43141

          2. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2021). Policy perspectives: The use and management of water resources in Central Asia. Green Action Task Force. https://www.oecd.org/environment/outreach/central-asia-water-resources.htm

           

          For further reading

          1. Mobariz, M. A., & Kaplan, G. (2021). Moving borders: Mapping and monitoring Amu Darya river dynamics using remote sensing data and techniques. Geodetski List, 75, 29–44. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/369909 (open access)

          2. Orazalieva, K., Mukasheva, A., Ybyray, N., & Nurekeshov, T. (2024). Current regulation of water relations in Central Asia. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 16, 100038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rspp.2024.100038 (open access)

          3. Aam, M. F., McClain, M., Sikka, A., & Pande, S. (2022). Understanding human–water feedbacks of interventions in agricultural systems with agent-based models: A review. Environmental Research Letters, 17(10), 103003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac91e1 

        • References of the Module 3

          1. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (2025). Data and information exchange in transboundary basins: An introductory tool to enhance governance and facilitate cooperation (D. Jara, Ed.). https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/9/6/591407.pdf 

          2. ter Horst, R., Srinivasan ,Veena, Wheeler ,Kevin, Timmerman, Jos, & and van der Zaag, P. (2023a). Exploring the use of data and models in transboundary water governance. Water International, 48(8), 909–914. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2024.2304975 (open access)

          3. Keskinen, M., Häkkinen, E., Haapala, J., & Sharipova, B. (2023). Trust in transboundary waters: Identifying trust-building in water diplomacy literature. Water Alternatives, 16(3), 949–977. https://www.wateralternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol16/v16issue3/727-a16-3-1 (open access) 

          4. Gerlak, A. K., Lautze, J., & Giordano, M. (2011). Water resources data and information exchange in transboundary water treaties. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 11(2), 179-199. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrea-Gerlak/publication/225605344_Water_resources_data_and_information_exchange_in_transboundary_water_treaties/links/5a6379ba0f7e9b6b8fd890db/Water-resources-data-and-information-exchange-in-transboundary-water-treaties.pdf 

           

          For further reading 

          1. Exploring the use of data and models in transboundary water governance (2023) Special Issue, Water International, 48(8), https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rwin20/48/8.

          2.  Horst, R. H. (2025). Of models and men: Unravelling the influence of water models and exploring how to engage. [internal PhD, WU, Wageningen University]. Wageningen University. https://doi.org/10.18174/681490 

          3. Leb, C. (2020). Data innovations for transboundary freshwater resources management: Are obligations related to information exchange still needed?. Brill Research Perspectives in International Water Law, 4(4), 3-78. https://brill.com/view/journals/rpwl/4/4/article-p3_1.xml

          4. Deitrick, A. R., Torhan, S. A., & Grady, C. A. (2021). Investigating the influence of ethical and epistemic values on decisions in the watershed modeling process. Water Resources Research, 57, e2021WR030481. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030481 (open access)

          To know more: 

          https://www.osce.org/oceea/446359 

          https://www.genevawaterhub.org/teaching

◄Module 3: Digitalization, transparency, and data sharing in water governance
►Certificate of Completion