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<p>Ushbu modulda siz quyidagi o'quv maqsadlari bilan tanishasiz va ular ustida ishlaysiz:</p>
<ul>
<li>Odil sudlov tizimidan to’siqsiz foydalanish bilan tanishuv;</li>
<li>13-modda bilan tanishing;</li>
<li>Nogironlar uchun odil sudlovdan samarali va teng foydalanish huquqini va uning nogironlik huquqlariga erishishdagi ahamiyatini tushunish;</li>
<li>Nogironlarning odil sudlovdan samarali va teng foydalanish huquqlarini ilgari surish yoki rad etish jarayonlarini aniqlash;</li>
<li>Odil sudlovdan teng foydalanishni ta'minlash yoki rad etish usullarini aniqlash;</li>
<li>Nogironlarning barcha sud jarayonlarida bevosita va bilvosita ishtirok etishiga ko‘maklashishda protsessual va yoshga mos qulaylashtirishning hal qiluvchi rolini tahlil qilish; va</li>
<li>Nogironlarning odil sudlov tizimidan samarali va teng foydalanish huquqini ilgari surish uchun mumkin bo'lgan kirish nuqtalarini ajratib ko'rsating.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>Keling, Maykl Shvarts bilan tanishuv videosini tomosha qilaylik. </em></p>
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<p>Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Nogironlar huquqlari to‘g‘risidagi konventsiyasining 13-moddasi ishtirokchi-davlatlardan “nogironlarning boshqalar bilan teng asosda odil sudlovdan samarali foydalanishini ta’minlash”ni talab qiladi. Kirish imkoniyatini ta'minlash uchun tegishli turar-joylar ta'minlanishi kerak va bu davlatdan sudyalar, advokatlar, sud xodimlari, politsiya va qamoqxona xodimlarini nogironlar uchun kirish imkoniyatini yaratish bo'yicha ularning majburiyatlari bo'yicha o'qitishni talab qiladi.</p>
<p>Masalan, ovoz va teginish orqali shaxsini aniqlagan ko‘zi ojiz va zaif ko‘ruvchi shaxslarning ko‘rsatuvlari, agar gumon qilinayotgan shaxslarning shaxsini yoki shaxsini aniqlaydigan guvohlar bilan qanday choralar ko‘rilgan bo‘lsa, xolis identifikatsiyani ta’minlash uchun bir xil choralar ko‘rilgan bo‘lsa, sudda qabul qilinadigan dalil sifatida qonuniy tan olinishi kerak. sudlanuvchilar tashqi ko'rinishi bilan.</p>
<p>Kar odamlarga hakamlar hay'atida tarjimonlar bilan ishlashga va o'zlarini ifoda etishlari kerak bo'lgan har qanday aloqa usulida guvohlik bera olishlariga ruxsat berilishi kerak. Sudlar, politsiya uchastkalari va qamoqxonalar nogironlar aravachasi yoki motorli skuterlardan foydalanadigan odamlar uchun ochiq bo'lishi kerak.</p>
<p>Hatto sud yoki ma'muriy jarayonda qatnashishni xohlovchi nogiron tomoshabinlar ham joylashtirilishi kerak.</p>
<p>Dunyo bo'ylab turli irqqa tegishli odamlar bizga eslatganidek, "Odil sudlov yo'q joyda, tinchlik yo'q".</p>
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<p>Ko'pincha nogironlik asosida odil sudlovga nisbatan kamsituvchi to'siqlar nogironlarni huquqdan mahrum qiladi, masalan, sud tomonidan muomalaga layoqatsiz yoki muomalaga layoqatsiz deb e'lon qilingan holda huquqiy himoya vositalaridan chetlatish.</p>
<p>NHK nogironlik asosida istisno qilishni, ko'pincha aqliy va psixo-ijtimoiy nogironlarga ta'sir qiladigan cheklovlarni taqiqlaydi. Amalda aqliy qobiliyat bilan bog'liq diskvalifikatsiyalar juda suiiste'mol qilinadi; ular o'zboshimchalik bilan va sud deklaratsiyasisiz qo'llaniladi. Shu nuqtai nazardan, advokatlar, militsiya xodimlari, prokurorlar, sudyalar va qamoqxona xodimlarining bilimi juda muhim. Nogironlarning ichki va xalqaro qonunchilikda ko'rsatilgan huquqlari bo'yicha ta'lim olishlari ham shunday.</p>
<p><img width="90%" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/84f3e4cece3a252378ad321a48d82828/asset-v1:OSCE+HD-RPD-UZ+2022_04+type@asset+block/The_barriers_to_the_system_of_justice.png" alt="The barriers to the system of justice" /></p>
<p>Keling, odil sudlov tizimidagi ba'zi to'siqlarni ko'rib chiqaylik:</p>
<ul>
<ul>
<li>Nogironlarni odil sudlov qarorlarini qabul qilish jarayonlariga qo'shishning ahamiyati haqidagi munosabatlar;</li>
<li>Qonunda ko'zda tutilgan huquqlar to'g'risida to’siqlardan holi ma'lumotlarning yo'qligi;</li>
<li>Jamoat binolari, shu jumladan sudlar, politsiya uchastkalari va axloq tuzatish muassasalari uchun jismoniy to'siqlar;</li>
<li>Sezgi organlari bilan bog’liq nogironlar uchun sud va ma'muriy jarayonlar to'g'risida to’siqlardan holi ma'lumotlarning yetishmasligi;</li>
<li>Advokatlar, sudyalar, politsiya xodimlari va qamoqxona mansabdor shaxslari kabi odil sudlov tizimining asosiy manfaatdor tomonlarida nogironlik bilan bog’liq ehtiyojlar haqida bilim va tushunchaning yetishmasligi; va,</li>
<li>Psixo-ijtimoiy nogironlik va aqliy nuqsonlari bo'lgan shaxslarni odil sudlov organlarining qarorlarini qabul qilish tizimiga johillik va (yoki) chetlatish;</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p></p>
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<h3>Tahliliy misol</h3>
<p>Bu misol haqiqiy voqeaga asoslangan.</p>
<p>Tug'ilganidan kar bo'lgan Ernest Marshall Brodveydan tashqari spektaklga tashrif buyurganida, unga ko'ngilocharlardan biri hujum qildi, u sanoat supurgi yordamida Marshallning yuziga sahnadagi qoldiq va changni supurib tashladi. Natijada Marshall ko'zlari jismoniy jarohatlar oldi va bu sharmandalik holat va xo'rlanishdan uning ruhiy holati buzildi.</p>
<p>Marshall advokat yolladi va Nyu-York shahar fuqarolik sudiga da'vo arizasi berdi. Marshall boshqa okrugda besh soat uzoqlikda yashagan, ammo voqea sodir bo'lgan okrugda sudga murojaat qilishga majbur bo'lgan.</p>
<p>Ish ko'rib chiqildi va sud binosida bir qator uchrashuvlar bo'lib o'tdi. Biroq, Ernest har safar sudga kelganida, sudya imo-ishora tili tarjimonini taqdim eta olmadi. Bugina emas, uning advokati sudda Marshall uchun tarjimon bo‘lishini ta’minlay olmadi.</p>
<p>Ushbu odil sudlov tizimining kamchiliklarini muhokama qiling. Muammolarni qanday hal qilgan bo'lardingiz?</p>
<p></p>
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<h3>Nogiron jabrlanuvchilar uchun huquqni muhofaza qilish organlarining qo'llab-quvvatlash xizmatlari</h3>
<p>Odil sudlov tizimining bir jihati huquqni muhofaza qilishdir.</p>
<p><img height="508" width="940" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/d1361007378f324d5498f910f0602abd/asset-v1:OSCE+HD-RPD-UZ+2022_04+type@asset+block/132266.jpg" alt="Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms are key to the OSCE's comprehensive security concept. " /></p>
<p>Politsiya bilan jinoyat qurboni, guvoh yoki gumon qilinuvchi sifatida muloqot qilish tizimning huquqni muhofaza qilish organlariga samarali va teng foydalanish imkoniyatini ta'minlash qobiliyatiga bir qator qiyinchiliklarni keltirib chiqaradi. Muhim muammolardan biri nogironlarga huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari xodimlari, masalan, politsiya xodimlaridan foydalanish imkoniyatini beradigan yordam xizmatlarining etishmasligidir. Shaxsiy yordam xizmatlariga ba'zi misollar:</p>
<ul>
<li>Strukturaviy va aloqa to'siqlardan holi bo'lgan politsiya uchastkasini ta'minlash;</li>
<li>Kar va eshitish qobiliyati zaif odamlar uchun imo-ishora tili tarjimonlari, real vaqt rejimida kompyuter yordamida transkripsiya, FM halqalari va boshqa aloqa texnologiyalarini taqdim eting (FM halqasi yoki eshitish halqasi yoki tovush induksiyasi halqasi - eshitish apparati bo'lgan odamlar tomonidan foydalanish uchun mo'ljallangan maxsus turdagi tovush tizimining turi; Eshitish tizimi T [Telecoil] holatida bo'lganda eshitish vositasi tomonidan qabul qilinadigan magnit simsiz signalni ta'minlaydi.);</li>
<li>Huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari xodimlariga nogironlarning tug'ma qadr-qimmatiga bo'lgan hurmatni kuchaytiradigan nogironlar to'g'risida treninglar o'tkazish; va,</li>
<li>Odil sudlovga teng va samarali kirishni taqiqlovchi siyosatlar, tartiblar va amaliyotlarni, shu jumladan huquqbuzarliklarni tergov qilayotgan politsiyani o'zgartirish.</li>
</ul>
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<h3>Odil sudlovga erishish bo'yicha xalqaro tamoyillar va ko'rsatmalar</h3>
<p>Nogironlar huquqlari bo'yicha maxsus ma'ruzachi, Nogironlar huquqlari bo'yicha qo'mita va Bosh kotibning nogironlik va erkinlik masalalari bo'yicha maxsus vakili yaqinda Nogironlar uchun odil sudlovdan foydalanish bo'yicha xalqaro tamoyillar va yo'riqnomalarni e'lon qildi.</p>
<p><em>Barcha xalqaro printsiplar va yo'riqnomalarni ko'rib chiqish uchun har bir raqamlangan bobni tanlang.</em></p>
<p></p>
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<ul class="slides">
<li class="slide">
<div class="slide-content">
<h2 class="slide-title">1-tamoyil</h2>
<h3 class="slide-text">Barcha nogironlar muomala layoqatiga ega va shuning uchun hech kim nogironligi sababli odil sudlovdan mahrum etilmasligi kerak.</h3>
</div>
</li>
<li class="slide">
<div class="slide-content">
<h2 class="slide-title">2-tamoyil</h2>
<h3 class="slide-text">Nogironlarni kamsitmasdan odil sudlovdan teng foydalanishni ta'minlash uchun muassasalar va xizmatlar hamma uchun ochiq bo'lishi kerak.</h3>
</div>
</li>
<li class="slide">
<div class="slide-content">
<h2 class="slide-title">3-tamoyil</h2>
<h3 class="slide-text">Nogironlar, shu jumladan nogiron bolalar tegishli protseduralardan to’siqsiz foydalana olish huquqiga ega.</h3>
</div>
</li>
<li class="slide">
<div class="slide-content">
<h2 class="slide-title">4-tamoyil</h2>
<h3 class="slide-text">Nogironlar yuridik ogohlantirishlar va ma'lumotlardan boshqalar bilan teng ravishda o'z vaqtida va qulay foydalanish huquqiga ega.</h3>
</div>
</li>
<li class="slide">
<div class="slide-content">
<h2 class="slide-title">5-tamoyil</h2>
<h3 class="slide-text">Nogironlar boshqalar bilan teng ravishda xalqaro huquqda e'tirof etilgan barcha moddiy va protsessual kafolatlardan foydalanish huquqiga ega va davlatlar tegishli jarayonni kafolatlash uchun zarur sharoitlarni ta'minlashi kerak.</h3>
</div>
</li>
<li class="slide">
<div class="slide-content">
<h2 class="slide-title">6-tamoyil</h2>
<h3 class="slide-text">Nogironlar bepul yoki arzon yuridik yordam olish huquqiga ega.</h3>
</div>
</li>
<li class="slide">
<div class="slide-content">
<h2 class="slide-title">7-tamoyil</h2>
<h3 class="slide-text">Nogironlar odil sudlovni amalga oshirishda boshqalar bilan teng ravishda ishtirok etish huquqiga ega.</h3>
</div>
</li>
<li class="slide">
<div class="slide-content">
<h2 class="slide-title">8-tamoyil</h2>
<h3 class="slide-text">Nogironlar inson huquqlarining buzilishi va jinoyatlar yuzasidan shikoyat qilish va sud ishlarini yuritish, ularning shikoyatlarini ko‘rib chiqish va ularni samarali himoya qilish huquqiga ega.</h3>
</div>
</li>
<li class="slide">
<div class="slide-content">
<h2 class="slide-title">9-tamoyil</h2>
<h3 class="slide-text">Samarali va mustahkam monitoring mexanizmlari nogironlarning odil sudlovdan foydalanishini qo'llab-quvvatlashda muhim rol o'ynaydi.</h3>
</div>
</li>
<li class="slide">
<div class="slide-content">
<h2 class="slide-title">10-tamoyil</h2>
<h3 class="slide-text">Odil sudlov tizimida ishlayotgan barcha xodimlar nogironlarning huquqlarini, xususan, odil sudlovdan foydalanish nuqtai nazaridan xabardorlikni oshirish va o'qitish dasturlari bilan ta'minlanishi kerak.</h3>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Nogironlik huquqi va siyosati markazi direktori, NUI Galway, professor Jerar Quinn, markaz va xalqaro va qiyosiy nogironlik qonuni va siyosati haqida gapiradi.</h3>
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<h3>Odil sudlovdan samarali foydalanish yo'lidagi to'siqlar</h3>
<p>Nogironlar ko'pincha odil sudlov tizimidan samarali va teng foydalanish imkoniyatidan mahrum bo'lib qolishgan va bu qarorlar qabul qilish jarayonlaridan chetlashtirish jamiyatda to'liq ishtirok etish uchun to'siqlarni kuchaytiradi.</p>
<p>Nogironlarning odil sudlovdan samarali va teng foydalanish huquqidan foydalanishi ularning boshqa inson huquqlaridan foydalanishi bilan keskin bog'liqdir:</p>
<p>Misol uchun, agar nogiron jabrlanuvchi, guvoh, jinoyatchi yoki hatto tomoshabin sifatida sud tizimiga kirish huquqidan mahrum bo'lsa, odil sudlov tizimida ishtirok etish huquqi buziladi, chunki odil sudlovdan samarali va teng foydalanish faol fuqarolik uchun asos bo'ladi</p>
<p><img height="390" width="657" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/5c179bdc2b9ac0b12fbfa00402587893/asset-v1:OSCE+HD-RPD-UZ+2022_04+type@asset+block/vitalii-vodolazskyi-adobestock_cover.jpg" alt="Inclusive and effective access to justice" /></p>
<p>Xuddi shunday, agar nogiron advokatlar yoki boshqa advokatlar bilan uchrashish imkoniga ega bo'lmasa, u chaqiruvga javob bera olmaydi, da'vo yoki da'voga aralasha olmaydi yoki sud majlisida boshqacha tarzda ishtirok eta olmaydi, ochiq yoki shaxsiy, shaxsga ta'sir qiladigan muhim masala bo'yicha.</p>
<p>Odil sudlov tizimidan samarali va teng foydalanishga to'sqinlik qiladigan kamsituvchi qonunlar nogironlarning qonuniy huquqlaridan doimiy ravishda mahrum bo'lishi va shu bilan ularning huquqiy layoqatini yo'qotishi mumkin, masalan, nogironlarning o’z hayotlari haqida qaror qabul qilish huquqlaridan mahrum bo'lgan jarayonlarda.</p>
<p>Turli sabablarga ko'ra butun dunyoda nogironlarning odil sudlovdan samarali va teng foydalanish huquqidan mahrum qilingan. Nodonlik yoki tarafkashlikdan kelib chiqqan kamsituvchi qonunlar, ayniqsa, psixo-ijtimoiy yoki aqliy nogironlarning sud muhokamasida eshitilish huquqini cheklashi yoki hatto butunlay taqiqlashi mumkin. Nogironlik haqidagi stereotiplar, shuningdek, nogironlarni tergov jarayonida yoki sudda ko'rib chiqilishini istisno qilishga xizmat qilishi mumkin. Advokatni saqlab qolish yoki o'zini vakillik qilish kabi ma'lumotlardan to’siqsiz foydalanish imkoniyati yo'qligi ham odil sudlov tizimida ishtirok etish uchun to'siq bo'lishi mumkin. Muloqot to'siqlari ko'pincha kar yoki eshitish qobiliyati past shaxslarni sud jarayonlari, ma'muriy ish yuritish, mediatsiya va odil sudlov tizimidagi boshqa jarayonlar kabi qarorlar qabul qilish jarayonlaridan chetlatadi.</p>
<p>Xalqaro rivojlanish kontekstida donor tashkilotlar yoki xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayderlar nogironlar odil sudlovdan foydalanish imkoniyatlarini yaxshilash va yaxshilashda ishtirok etishga qodir emas yoki undan manfaatdor emas deb noto'g'ri taxmin qilishlari mumkin. Ushbu va boshqa ko'plab to'siqlar nogironlarni siyosiy va ijtimoiy hayotdan chetlashtirish va izolyatsiya qilishni kuchaytirishga xizmat qiladi va umuman olganda, ularning manfaatlariga ta'sir qiladigan barcha sohalarda, xoh davlat yoki xususiy sohada qarorlar qabul qilishda ishtirok etishiga to'sqinlik qiladi.</p>
<p></p>
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<p>13-modda – Odil sudlov huquqidan foydalanish imkoniyatini ko‘rib chiqamiz :</p>
<ol>
<li>Ishtirokchi-davlatlar nogironlarning bevosita va bilvosita ishtirokchilari, shu jumladan guvohlar sifatida samarali rolini ta'minlash uchun, shu jumladan, protsessual va yoshga mos moslashtirish bilan ta'minlash orqali, boshqalar bilan teng asosda odil sudlovdan samarali foydalanishni ta'minlaydilar. barcha sud jarayonlarida, shu jumladan tergov va boshqa dastlabki bosqichlarda.</li>
</ol><ol start="2">
<li>Ishtirokchi-davlatlar nogironlarning odil sudlovdan samarali foydalanishini ta'minlashga ko'maklashish maqsadida odil sudlovni amalga oshirish sohasida ishlovchilar, shu jumladan politsiya va qamoqxona xodimlari uchun tegishli tayyorgarlikka ko'maklashadilar.</li>
</ol>
<p><img width="90%" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/4a940519b2984325dbae1701afb82795/asset-v1:OSCE+HD-RPD-UZ+2022_04+type@asset+block/undraw_Memory_storage_reh0.png" alt="" /></p>
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<h3>Odil sudlovdan foydalanish huquqi</h3>
<p>Nogironlarning odil sudlov tizimidan samarali foydalanish huquqining qonuniy asoslarini yaratish</p>
<p>Odil sudlov tizimidan samarali va teng foydalanish huquqi inson huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonunning mustahkam o'rnatilgan tamoyilidir.</p>
<p><img width="90%" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/a26b0143a2d6cbfaf037383793ef2469/asset-v1:OSCE+HD-RPD-UZ+2022_04+type@asset+block/United-Nations-e1515488409100-1024x595.jpg" alt="The UN" /></p>
<p>U Inson huquqlari umumjahon deklaratsiyasining (IHUD) 6-11-moddalarida hamda Fuqarolik va siyosiy huquqlar toʻgʻrisidagi xalqaro paktning (FSHXP) 2, 9, 14-16 va 26-moddalarida oʻz aksini topgan.</p>
<p>FSHXPning 14-moddasida “Sudlar va sudlar oldida barcha shaxslar tengdir”, 26-moddasida esa “Barcha shaxslar qonun oldida tengdirlar va hech qanday kamsitilmasdan qonun tomonidan teng himoyalanish huquqiga egadirlar" deb ta’kidlangan.</p>
<p>Ixtisoslashgan inson huquqlari konventsiyalari, jumladan, Irqiy kamsitishning barcha shakllariga barham berish to'g'risidagi konventsiya (IKK), Ayollarga nisbatan kamsitishning barcha shakllariga barham berish to'g'risidagi konventsiya (AKK) va Bola huquqlari to'g'risidagi konventsiya (BHK) "sudlar va odil sudlovni amalga oshiruvchi barcha boshqa organlar barchaga teng munosabatda bo'lish huquqini" tan oladi.</p>
<p>Nogironlar huquqlari to'g'risidagi konventsiya (NHK) nogironlarning "boshqalar bilan teng asosda odil sudlovdan samarali foydalanish" huquqini ishlab chiqadi va davlatlarga ushbu huquqni amalga oshirish bo'yicha aniq ko'rsatmalar beradi. NHK kontekstida odil sudlovdan samarali foydalanish imkoniyati cheklangan shaxslarning odil sudlov tizimida ularning manfaatlariga daxldor bo'lgan boshqa shaxslar bilan teng ravishda ishtirok etish huquqini o'z ichiga oladi. Xususan, <em>13-modda - Odil sudlovdan</em> foydalanish imkoniyati nogironlarning huquqlarini kafolatlaydi:</p>
<ul>
<li>Boshqalar bilan teng ravishda foydalanish imkoniyatini beruvchi protsessual va yoshga mos moslashtirishga ega bo’lish;</li>
<li>Odil sudlov tizimidagi jarayonlarda bevosita va bilvosita ishtirok etish, shu jumladan barcha sud jarayonlarida guvoh bo‘lish;</li>
<li>Barcha sud jarayonlarining "tergov va boshqa dastlabki bosqichlarida" ishtirok etish; va,</li>
<li>"Odil sudlovni amalga oshirish sohasida ishlaydiganlar, shu jumladan politsiya va qamoqxona xodimlari uchun tegishli treninglar" ni targ'ib qilish.</li>
</ul>
<p>NHK ishtirokchi-davlatlari nogironlar uchun odil sudlovdan samarali va teng foydalanish huquqini ta'minlashlari shart. Muhimi, davlatlar nogironlar o'z mamlakatlaridagi odil sudlov tizimidan foydalanish imkoniyatidan foydalanishlarini ta'minlash uchun ijobiy choralar ko'rishlari kerak. </p>
<p>Masalan, Umumiy tamoyillar 3-moddasida NHK foydalanish imkoniyatini asosiy tamoyilga aylantiradi va “jamiyatda to'liq va samarali ishtirok etish va qo'shilish”ga chaqiradi. Faqatgina to’siqlardan holi odil sudlov tizimi bu va'dani amalga oshirishi mumkin.</p>
<p>Shuningdek, “Umumiy majburiyatlar”ning 4-moddasida davlatlar “nogironlarga nisbatan kamsitishni tashkil etuvchi amaldagi qonunlar, qoidalar, urf-odatlar va amaliyotlarni oʻzgartirish yoki bekor qilish uchun barcha tegishli choralarni, shu jumladan qonunchilikni ham koʻrishlarini” talab qiladi.</p>
<p>Shubhasiz, 13-modda, Odil sudlovdan foydalanish imkoniyati; 3-modda, Umumiy tamoyillar; va NHKning 4-moddasi, Umumiy majburiyatlar, nogironlar uchun odil sudlovdan samarali foydalanish huquqining xalqaro inson huquqlari huquqida eng aniq ifodasini belgilaydi.</p>
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<h3>Nogironlarning odil sudlovdan to’siqsiz foydalanishi</h3>
<p>Odil sudlovga erishish qonun ustuvorligining asosiy elementi, o'z-o'zidan asosiy huquq va boshqa barcha inson huquqlarini himoya qilish va ta'minlashning zaruriy shartidir. Odil sudlov tizimi davlat organlari yoki xususiy shaxslarni xatti-harakatlarni to'xtatish yoki aniq harakatlarni amalga oshirishni talab qilish orqali huquqlarni ta'minlashi mumkin bo'lgan asosiy javobgarlik va shikoyat mexanizmidir.</p>
<p><img width="90%" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/18f4cedb23cd480aaa310103beac737f/asset-v1:OSCE+HD-RPD-UZ+2022_04+type@asset+block/undraw_security_o890.svg" alt="Access to justice of persons with disabilities" /></p>
<p>Nogironlarning huquqlari bo'yicha o'qitilgan xodimlar va sudyalar NHK bo'yicha inson huquqlari bo'yicha xalqaro majburiyatlarga rioya etilishini ta'minlash va nogironlar uchun samarali himoya vositalarini ta'minlash uchun asosiy hisoblanadi.</p>
<p>Nogironlar odil sudlovdan mahrum bo'lganlardir. Odil sudlovni amalga oshirishdagi umumiy bo'shliqlar nogironlar haqida gap ketganda ko'proq namoyon bo'ladi. Odil sudlovni amalga oshirishdagi cheklovlar nogironlarning odil sudlovga murojaat qilishlari va o'z huquqlarini himoya qilishlariga to'sqinlik qiladi. Umumiy bo'shliqlarga quyidagilar kiradi:</p>
<ul>
<li>bepul yoki arzon yuridik yordamning yo'qligi</li>
<li>mexanizmlarning mustaqilligining yo'qligi</li>
<li>huquqlarning buzilishi uchun tegishli jazo choralarining yo'qligi</li>
<li>ob'ektlar, axborot va jarayonlardan foydalanish imkoniyati yo'qligi</li>
<li>moslashtirilgan tartiblarning yo‘qligi (nogironning boshqalar bilan teng ravishda ishtirok etishiga imkon berish uchun tartib-qoidalarni o‘zgartirish)</li>
<li>qashshoqlikning yuqori darajasi</li>
<li>malakali odil sudlov xodimlari, shu jumladan advokatlar va sudyalarning etishmasligi</li>
</ul>
<p>2016 yil oktyabr oyida Yevropa Parlamenti va Yevropa Ittifoqi Kengashi davlat sektori veb-saytlari uchun minimal standartlar masalasini ko'rib chiqdi. Yevropa Ittifoqiga a'zo davlatlarda davlat sektori organlari - sudlar, ma'muriy organlar va huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari kabi odil sudlov vositalaridan foydalanish mumkin bo'lgan veb-saytlarni taqdim etishni talab qiladigan direktiva kuchga kirdi. Ushbu buyruq shuningdek, ushbu veb-saytlardagi ommaviy axborot vositalari va hujjatlardan foydalanish imkoniyatini ko'rib chiqadi.</p>
<p>A'zo davlatlar o'z mazmunini ochiq qilishlari yoki bu nima uchun amalga oshirilmaganini jamoatchilikka tushuntirishlari kerak. Bu davlatlar, shuningdek, 2021 yilgacha muvofiqlikni tekshirish uchun monitoring va hisobot tizimini joriy etishlari kerak.</p>
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<h3>Moslashtirilgan tartiblar</h3>
<p>NHKning 13-moddasida nogironlarning sud jarayonining bevosita yoki bilvosita ishtirokchilari (masalan, da'vogar, javobgar, guvoh, sudya) sifatida ishtirok etishiga yordam berish uchun moslashtirilgan tartiblar bilan ta'minlanish huquqi belgilangan.</p>
<p>Moslashtirilgan tartiblar nogironlarga sud jarayonlarida boshqalar bilan teng ravishda, muayyan talablarni qondirish uchun muntazam tartiblarni o'zgartirish orqali ishtirok etish imkonini beradi. Oqilona moslashtirishdan farqli o'laroq, protsessual kelishuvlar "nomutanosib yoki ortiqcha yuk" tushunchasi bilan cheklanmaydi.</p>
<p><img width="90%" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/987c45b0e1a8bb179035f5174dd45348/asset-v1:OSCE+HD-RPD-UZ+2022_04+type@asset+block/Photo_by_Christian_Tasso__from_the_project_Fifteen_Percent.jpg" alt="Photo by Christian Tasso, from the project Fifteen Percent" /></p>
<p>Moslashtirilgan tartiblarlarga ba'zi misollar:</p>
<ul>
<li>o'tkaziladigan joyni moslashtirish</li>
<li>savol berish usuliga oʻzgartirishlar kiritish, masalan, undovchi savollarga ruxsat berish, qoʻshma savollardan qochish, javob berish uchun qoʻshimcha vaqt berish, kerak boʻlganda tanaffuslarga ruxsat berish yoki oddiy tildan foydalanish</li>
<li>surdo-tarjimonlarga hakamlar hay'atining maxfiy bahslarida ishtirok etishiga ruxsat berish</li>
<li>protsessual muddatlarni uzaytirish yoki to'g'irlash, masalan, protsess ishtirokchisi yoki guvohi tomonidan tayyorlangan guvohnomani topshirish uchun, masalan, sharhlash, aloqani qo'llab-quvvatlash yoki yordam va foydalanishning boshqa shakllari kabi maxsus choralar talab qilinadi. </li>
<li>protsessual rasmiyatchiliklarni tuzatish.</li>
</ul>
<p>Protsessual qulaylashtirish, shuningdek, zarur bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan qulaylik choralarini o'z ichiga oladi, masalan, yordamchi tizimlar va tinglash moslamalari, malakali imo-ishora tili tarjimonlari yoki taktil tarjimonlar bilan ta'minlash.</p>
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<h3>NHK qo'mitasi va odil sudlovdan to’siqsiz foydalanish</h3>
<p><img height="427" width="640" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/e20b839576c48c83ec003aea35029f36/asset-v1:OSCE+HD-RPD-UZ+2022_04+type@asset+block/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities2.jpg" alt="The CRPD Committee and access to justice" /></p>
<p>NHK qo'mitasi quyidagilarni ta'kidlaydi:</p>
<p>“Nogironlar huquqlari to‘g‘risidagi konventsiya inson huquqlari bo‘yicha xalqaro huquqda odil sudlovdan foydalanish kontseptsiyasini yangilab, nogironlar uchun erkinlik nimani anglatishini, shu jumladan to‘siqlarni yengib o‘tish vositalarini belgilab beradi va odil sudlovni davlat boshqaruvining ajralmas qismi sifatida tan oladi. O’z o’rnida, davlat boshqaruvi tushunchasida ishtirok fuqarolikni targ’ib etish uchun kalit hisoblanadi.</p>
<p>NHK Qo'mitasi tomonidan odil sudlovdan foydalanish imkoniyatini hal qilish bo'yicha tavsiyalar quyidagilarni o'z ichiga oladi:</p>
<ul>
<li>Nogironlarning odil sudlovli sudlovga bo'lgan huquqlarini ta'minlash;</li>
<li>Sudlar va sud jarayonlaridan to’siqsiz foydalanishni ta'minlash;</li>
<li>Nogironlarning yuridik maqomini saqlab qolish imkoniyatini berish;</li>
<li>Nogironlarning odil sudlov tizimidagi tengligini tan olish, bu odil sudlov tizimidan to’siqsiz foydalanish huquqi bilan uzviy bog'liq bo'lgan narsa (birinchisidan ikkinchisisiz foydalanish mumkin emas);</li>
<li>Nogironlarning sud yoki ma'muriy jarayonlarda boshqalar bilan teng ravishda bevosita yoki bilvosita ishtirok etishiga to'sqinlik qiluvchi fuqarolik, jinoiy va protsessual qonunlarni o'zgartirish;</li>
<li>Inson huquqlarini himoya qilish uchun zarur bo'lgan ma'lumotlardan to’siqsiz foydalanishni ta'minlaydigan qonunlar va siyosatlarni amalga oshirish; va,</li>
<li>Huquqning barcha sohalarida nogironlarga bepul va arzon yuridik yordam ko'rsatish.</li>
</ul>
<p>NHK qo'mitasi, shuningdek, "jarayon davomida nogironlar kamsituvchi qonunlar va amaliyotlar, jumladan, sud muhokamasi huquqidan mahrum bo'lganligi sababli odil sudlovdan to’siqsiz foydalanishda bir qator to'siqlarga duch kelishlarini" tan oladi. Qo'shimcha tavsiyalar quyidagilardan iborat:</p>
<ul>
<li>Davlatlar bunday qonunlarni bekor qilishlari va bunday amaliyotlarni taqiqlashlari va diskriminatsiyaga qarshi choralarni qo'llashlari kerak, shu jumladan kerak bo'lganda protsessual qulayliklar bilan ta'minlash, ularning barcha shakllarida va barcha sud jarayonlarida.</li>
<li>Davlatlar, shuningdek, nogironlarni muomala layoqatidan mahrum qilish natijasida odil sudlovli sud muhokamasi huquqi, jumladan, aybsizlik prezumpsiyasi, shaxsan tinglash huquqi, guvohlarni e'tirozlash huquqining buzilishiga yordam beradigan qonunchiligini isloh qilishi kerak. va boshqa protsessual kafolatlar qatorida dalillarni taqdim etish huquqi.</li>
</ul>
<p>NHK qo'mitasi shunday deb yozadi: "Samarali himoya vositalariga bo'lgan huquq davlatlarning aybdorlarni tergov qilish, ta'qib qilish va jazolash va/yoki himoya vositalari bilan ta'minlash bo'yicha ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilish majburiyatini o'z ichiga oladi". Tavsiyalar quyidagilar:</p>
<ul>
<li>Ularning barcha tarkibiy qismlarida zararni qoplash va qoplashni ta'minlash;</li>
<li>Nogironning o'ziga xos sharoitlarini hisobga olish;</li>
<li>Tizimli o'zgarishlarga, shu jumladan qoniqishning tarkibiy qismi sifatida haqiqatni ochishga murojaat qiling; va</li>
<li>Huquqiy va siyosatni isloh qilish va takrorlanmaslik kafolati sifatida salohiyatni oshirish bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar bering.</li>
</ul>
<p>NHK qo'mitasi odil sudlovni amalga oshirishda ishtirok etish fuqarolikning asosiy sharti ekanligini tan oladi. Shunday qilib, davlatlar quyidagilarni qilishlari kerak:</p>
<ul>
<li>Nogironlarga guvohlar, sudyalar, ekspertlar, sudyalar, advokatlar yoki odil sudlov tizimidagi boshqa suhbatdoshlar sifatida o‘zlarining jamoat va siyosiy hayotda ishtirok etish huquqini boshqalar bilan teng ravishda amalga oshirish imkoniyatini berish.</li>
<li>Sud xodimlari, advokatlar va boshqalarni, shu jumladan sud-tibbiyot ekspertlari, qamoqxona xodimlari va politsiya xodimlarini nogironlarning inson huquqlari bo'yicha treninglar o'tkazish orqali odil sudlovdan foydalanishdagi to'siqlarni bartaraf etishga intiling.</li>
</ul>
<p>Nihoyat, lekin eng muhimi, NHK Qo'mitasi davlatlarni nogironlarga nisbatan inson huquqlarining buzilishi va odil sudlov tizimi odil sudlovli sudlov va samarali himoya vositalaridan foydalanish imkoniyatini qanday ta'minlayotgani to'g'risida ma'lumotlarni to'plash va tahlil qilishga undaydi.</p>
<p>Nogironlik Statistikasi bo'yicha Vashington Guruhi nogironlik bo'yicha qisqacha savollar to'plami kabi ma'lumotlarni to'plash vositalarini joriy etish orqali ma'lumotlar to’plash inqilobiga hissa qo’shadi va Barqaror rivojlanish maqsadlari, xususan, 16-maqsadning "hech kimni ortda qoldirmaslik" va'dasini bajarishga yordam beradi. </p>
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<h3>Tahliliy misol</h3>
<p>Headway, Birlashgan Qirollikdagi Miya shikastlanishlari assotsiatsiyasi milliy tan olingan "Miya shikastlanishi ID kartasi" ni yaratdi, bu miya shikastlanishi bilan og'rigan odamlarga jinoiy adliya tizimida adolatli munosabatda bo'lish imkonini beradi.</p>
<p><span class="fa fa-globe fa-2x" aria-hidden="true" title="Website activity"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> <a href="https://www.headway.org.uk" target="_blank">www.headway.org.uk</a></span></p>
<hr />
<p></p>
<p>2021-yil 19-fevral kuni YXHTning O‘zbekistondagi loyihalari muvofiqlashtiruvchisi tomonidan Brayl alifbosida chop etilgan O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasi va “Nogironlarning huquqlari to‘g‘risida”gi qonunining ommaviy taqdimoti tashkil etildi. BMTning Nogironlar huquqlari to‘g‘risidagi konventsiyasi bo‘yicha o‘quv qo‘llanma ham o‘zbek tilida nashr etildi.</p>
<h4>Tavsiyalar</h4>
<p>Nogironlarning odil sudlovdan foydalanishini NHK ning 13-moddasiga muvofiq ta'minlash uchun hukumatlar (masalan, odil sudlov vazirligi) sud hokimiyati ma'muriyati bilan kelishilgan holda:</p>
<ol>
<li>Nogironlarning odil sudlov tizimidan to’siqsiz foydalanishni osonlashtirish, shu jumladan bepul yoki arzon yuridik yordam xizmatlarini rivojlantirish rejasini ishlab chiqish va amalga oshirish. Tegishli NHK ko'rsatkichlari 13.1 va 13.4, 13.13, 13.16</li>
</ol><ol start="2">
<li>Nogironlarning odil sudlovga kirishiga to'sqinlik qiluvchi qoidalarni olib tashlash uchun qonunlar va me'yoriy-huquqiy hujjatlarni isloh qilishga ko'maklashish - sud muhokamalarida taraf, guvoh yoki sudya sifatida ishtirok etish - shu jumladan huquq layoqatini cheklash yoki rad etishga asoslangan, shuningdek, huquqbuzarlik huquqini cheklovchi qoidalarni, nogironligi sababli advokat va sudyalik kasbiga qabul qilishni rad etishni cheklaydi. Tegishli NHK ko'rsatkichlari: 13.2, 13.6, 13.9</li>
</ol><ol start="3">
<li>Huquqiy va ma’muriy islohotlarni, shu jumladan sudyalar uchun malaka oshirishni, sud jarayonlarida protsessual qulaylikni ta’minlashni rag‘batlantirish. Tegishli NHK ko'rsatkichlari 13.1, 13.6, 13.14</li>
</ol><ol start="4">
<li>Sud qarorlarini ijro etishning samarali vositalari va mexanizmlarini ta'minlash uchun huquqiy islohotlarni rag'batlantirish (ayniqsa, davlat organlari tomonidan bajarilishi uchun)</li>
</ol>
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