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<p style="text-align: center; color: #003478; font-size: 20pt !important; font-weight: bold !important;">Critical Infrastructure Dependencies</p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt !important; font-weight: bold !important; font-style: italic !important;">“When the electricity grid fails, there is this risk of cascading impacts from what might seem to be a relatively minor event”</span><i> – John Heltzel, Director of Resilience Planning at Electric Infrastructure Security (EIS) Council</i></p>
<p>As we have seen in the introduction to risk assessment and the module on critical infrastructure systems, enhancing the protection and resilience of critical energy infrastructure can be complex. Risk analysis is even more challenging when considering the inherent interactions – e.g. dependencies and interdependencies – within infrastructure system operations.<br/><br/>This module presents the basic concepts of critical infrastructure dependencies analysis.</p>
<p style="color: #003478;">Check the following video to see why it is important to consider critical infrastructure dependencies.</p>
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<p style="text-align: center"><iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/548176726" width="640" height="400" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 13pt !important; color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Topics and Learning Objectives</span></p>
<p>This module serves as an introduction to infrastructure dependencies and provides fundamental understanding of the interrelated nature of infrastructure systems. It addresses the following topics and learning objectives to integrate infrastructure dependency considerations into critical energy networks protection strategies.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr><th style="border: 1px solid black; color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important; ">Topics</th><th style="border: 1px solid black; color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important; ">Learning Objectives</th></tr>
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<li>Importance of Dependencies</li>
<li>Dependencies vs Interdependencies.</li>
<li>Dependency dimensions.</li>
<li>Introduction to “system-of-systems” assessments.</li>
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<ul>
<li>Understand how dependencies affect the risk landscape.</li>
<li>Define and understand critical infrastructure dependency characteristics.</li>
<li>Understand the basic concepts of dependency assessments.</li>
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<p>To achieve these objectives, this module is subdivided into 5 sections:<o:p></o:p></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="color:#003478; font-weight: bold !important"> Section 1</span> presents a discussion among experts on the importance of considering infrastructure dependencies in risk analysis strategies but also the challenges encountered when assessing critical infrastructure system dependencies.</li>
<li><span style="color:#003478; font-weight: bold !important">Section 2</span> explains why it is important for risk managers to analyze critical infrastructure dependencies.</li>
<li><span style="color:#003478; font-weight: bold !important">Section 3</span> provides a common terminology to differentiate between dependencies and interdependencies.</li>
<li><span style="color:#003478; font-weight: bold !important">Section 4</span> defines the different dimensions characterizing both dependencies and interdependencies.</li>
<li><span style="color:#003478; font-weight: bold !important">Section 5</span> provides the general foundations of dependencies analysis that can be integrated in global risk analysis strategies.</li>
<li><span style="color:#003478; font-weight: bold !important">Section 6</span> summarizes the important concepts presented in the Critical Infrastructure Dependencies module.</li>
</ul>
<p>At the end of the module, students will find a quiz to test their knowledge and to determine whether they need to review any fundamentals of Critical Infrastructure dependencies.<br/><br/>Finally, additional readings are also proposed to deepen their knowledge on critical infrastructure interdependencies. </p>
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<p>In the podcast below, <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">Ms. Carmella Burdi</span>, <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">Dr. Vittorio Rosato</span>, <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">Dr. Georgios Giannopoulos</span>, and <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">Mr. Lawrence “Paul” Lewis</span> discuss the importance of considering critical infrastructure dependencies for the security of energy networks. The discussion provides insight into the scientific study of dependencies by three premier research organizations and explains how modeling critical infrastructure systems can assist decision-makers in understanding dependencies.
The discussion specifically addresses the following questions:
<ul>
<li>Why is it important to understand infrastructure dependencies?</li>
<li>What challenges do you face when conduction dependency analyses?</li>
<li>What are potential upcoming challenges?</li>
<li>What are the elements that you would address in priority?</li>
<li>How could international collaborations through OSCE support a better understanding of the critical infrastructure system-of-systems?</li>
</ul><br/>
<span style="color: #003478;">Click on the video below to listen to the discussion on critical infrastructure dependencies.</span>
</span></p>
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<p style="text-align: center"><iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/647872133?h=5855c32507" width="640" height="400" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
<p><span style="color: #003478;">Expand the accordions below to view the discussion transcript and the expert bios.</span></p>
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<div><button class="accordion_new" style= "font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none; ">Podcast Transcript</button>
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<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); vertical-align: middle; text-align:left;" colspan="1"><b>00:00 - General Introduction</b></td>
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<td style="background-color:white;">Welcome to the discussion on Critical Infrastructure Dependencies, a component of the training “Critical Energy Networks: from Risk Analysis to Risk Management,” of the OSCE Virtual Centre for the protection of critical energy infrastructure.<br/><br/>
This presentation is an informal discussion among experts on the importance of critical infrastructure interdependencies for analyzing risk and enhancing the resilience of critical systems.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Lawrence “Paul” Lewis:</b> We are joined by three experts in the field of critical infrastructure dependencies who are going to discuss their experiences on dependency assessments and the importance for decision makers and analysts to consider these concepts in risk management. If I can ask each of you to introduce yourselves and spend a few minutes providing your general perspective on infrastructure dependencies, and maybe any examples of how you study the interconnections among critical infrastructure systems to inform security and resilience enhancement strategies. Carmie, if we could start with you.<br/><br/>
<b>Ms. Carmella Burdi:</b> Sure. Hi everyone. My name is Carmie Burdi. I am a senior geographic information systems analyst with Argonne National Laboratory. And I come to the idea of resiliency and critical infrastructure interdependencies by way of Emergency Management. And so, as emergency managers were always really concerned with what would happen should a natural hazard or other event emergency event occur and that makes us really look at the things that are important lifelines to our communities: electric power, water, those types of really important things, communications. And so, I look at infrastructure independencies by what could happen if one of those things is impacted because of an event. And we look at that through a geographic lens in some ways, so we're mapping these things. We are looking at where they are physically located, and what types of meteorological or geographic hazards could happen to those important critical infrastructure pieces depending on, you know, where they are located and how they might be impacted.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Thank you Carmie, Georgios?<br/><br/>
<b>Dr. Georgios Giannopoulos:</b> Yes. Hello, it's really my pleasure to be here with distinguished experts discussing this topic. My name is Georgios Giannopoulos. I'm working for the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. We are the science advice Department of the European Commission providing science advice for policymaking. And the domain in which we are providing science advice is, of course, on critical infrastructure protection. And the European Commission, a few years ago, back in 2009, came up with the directive for the protection of critical infrastructure. At that moment, the aspect of resilience was not so much high in the agenda. We were more focusing on the physical protection of these infrastructure. But as things evolve, and as we saw that the complexity of infrastructure has evolved, that cascade effects are very important, the whole debate has changed and we moved more towards resilience and, of course, the interdependence of critical infrastructure. Now, if we want to understand resilience, we need to understand interdependencies of complex infrastructure. So, we see that from the perspective of how can we better understand this complex infrastructure? So that we can help policymakers to design policies to reduce the economic impact of infrastructure disruption, the societal impact of infrastructure disruption, and eventually even casualties. So, we try to see interdependencies and to model interdependencies in three different layers. The first one is really a technology and technological level, and we try to see how the different assets and components of infrastructure interact, and what it really happens if we have disruption in one component of critical infrastructure, and how this would cascade and magnify, and say the potential impact. The second layer is across different sectors. So, how a failure of an infrastructure in the electricity domain, for example, might have an impact on other infrastructure, how cyber dependencies change the way that this infrastructure function, and if there is a disruption in the cyber layer, for example, how this will cascade in many different other sectors. And the third layer, that we're looking upon, is the economic impacts or economic dependencies. We try to see infrastructure as parts of complex economic system, as part of economic sectors, and we try to see there, if we have a disruption which affects this economic sector, how this will cascade also on other economic sectors, and try to estimate the overall economic impact of such disruptions.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Thank you Georgios. And Vittorio?<br/><br/>
<b>Dr. Vittorio Rosato:</b> Good morning. I am Vittorio Rosato. I'm a physicist and a research director at ENEA with one of the major Italian Research Institute. I am a computational physicist, and, in the last 15 years, I've been mainly involved in complexity science, which is essentially a science, which tries to understand the behavior of complex systems, like the system-of-systems, which are essentially the best method for describing critical infrastructure. So, I'm also currently involved in the setting up of a competent center in Italy, which is called the Italian Node of the European Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center, which should effectively provide support to the critical infrastructure operators and the public agencies, which are committed in the Emergency Management for, you know, supporting for the protection and the announcing of the systemic resilience of critical infrastructure. So, interdependency is one of the major problems, which affect the system of critical infrastructure, and which is then extremely interesting, even from a technical point of view, a scientific point of view, because in this interdependency is inherited all the complexity of all the systems. So, we know that they form an entangled system of systems, and because each infrastructure provides services to the external world, to the citizen, but also to other critical infrastructure, which are functionally connected to each other. So, as it has been already described, you may have perturbations which flows from one infrastructure to the other. A typical example of these interdependencies is between the electrical system and the telecommunication system. So, the telecommunication system on one hand provides the tele-controlling capabilities. So, the possibility that an electrical system can be remotely controlled. And, of course, the telecommunication system requires the electricity for functioning. So, in case of a blackout, for instance, you may also lose the capabilities offered by the telecommunication system for restoring the functionality, which has been lost, you know. So, you have some negative feedback that can propagate and, of course, also affecting the recovery strategies. So, there are several points. Of course, this interdependency maybe also at the short time scale or can also extend to a long-time scale. So, they're essentially responsible for the propagation of this perturbation geographically, because, of course, in this way, perturbations can propagate even starting from a geographical location in which a perturbation is effectively produced. They can spread over a larger geographical domain and also affect at time scales, which can last from few seconds of latency to hours or even days, you know. So, it's a very focal point. And of course, considering this problem is very important in the control of the critical infrastructure as a systemic world.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Absolutely. Thank you, Vittorio.</td>
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<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); vertical-align: middle; text-align:left;" colspan="1"><b>09:16 – Importance of Understanding Infrastructure Dependencies</b></td>
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<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> So, as our sort of first discussion question. Why is it important for public officials to understand the dependencies existing amongst infrastructure systems in their community or their region? Why is it that this concept of dependencies should drive their decisions? Carmie, if we could start with you.<br/><br/>
<b>Ms. Carmella Burdi:</b> Sure. So, in the Emergency Management space, one of my jobs is to communicate to public officials, local government agencies, and the folks that run the utility companies, what could happen if that disaster were to strike. And so, the thing that we have to recognize is that, sometimes, different agencies don't talk to one another and so communication can be a really big problem in a space like this. So, for example, we might be doing a study where we're looking at a county or a region and we're looking at what could happen if some of these critical lifelines were to fail. So, we'll choose electric power, for example. It's the easiest for people to wrap their head around. And we can say, you know, if electric power fails, this is how folks might be impacted, and we can say, well, for example, the grocery supply chain might be impacted because now they can't have refrigerators for their grocery stores, and food could go bad. But those grocery stores might say, well, that's OK because I have a backup generator and that backup generator runs on fuel, diesel fuel. Now, if this outage is spread across a wide area and everyone with backup generation is trying to get fuel to come to their company so that they can keep operating, what is going to happen? The electric power is going to go out. Now, there may be a fuel shortage and now there might be, you know, sort of an issue where we're trying to get fuel to priority places, whether that's grocery, pharmacy, hospital, manufacturing, whatever it is. And so, that communication for those public officials is really important because they need to know if they might not be at the top of the list when it comes to fuel priority in this particular situation. And so, they have to be able to communicate with one another, with outside, maybe their immediate vicinity, to bring that fuel into their area. And so, I just think it's really important that the public officials understand what could happen when a particular lifeline goes out. But then again, we're talking about infrastructure and dependency, what that cascade affect is? So, you might be fine for 48-72 hours after electric power goes out because you have that much fuel on site. But what happens after that? And what happens when you can't get the fuel trucks to you because everyone's fighting for that resource?<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Right, but the critical element is the element of coordination in resilience, right? Georgios?<br/><br/>
<b>Dr. Georgios Giannopoulos:</b> Public officials need to understand the importance of dependencies and interdependencies for various reasons. First of all, it's because the dependencies and interdependencies, they really amplify the impact of any potential disruption simply because the current modern infrastructure has grown up so much in complexity, what we call sometimes hyper connectivity, that the cascade effects are inevitable. So, it's important for the public officials to understand the extent of these dependencies, which are not visible in normal operations. They become visible when there is a disruption. So, it is important for them to identify that so that they can have a good estimation of what can happen from one side to develop their preparedness plan and on the other side, of course, to be aware of the potential impact. That is one aspect. Now, the second aspect is that they can be really helpful in this matter, because they are the ones who have an overview of the, let's say, the complexity and interconnectedness of the infrastructure. Because they have to manage a large, for example, geographical area where you have all sorts of critical infrastructure. So, they have an overview of what's going on, which is not always the case for operators or for specific infrastructure, because they are mostly focused on their own infrastructure, in their own business, instead of public officials and government offices, for example, who have a better overview of the potential threats to infrastructure. And also, they can be the coordinator and really minimize this airtight and the gaps that exist in the communication between the different infrastructure. So, their role is crucial in order to set up, if you want, the structures to bring together all the critical infrastructure operators and owners so that they can start discussing one with the other to identify how they depend one on the other. Because, we have identified, in the work that we have done, that many critical infrastructure operators understand very well how they depend upon others, but they don't understand so well, sometimes, how others depend on them, and we need to establish this. That's a bilateral type of understanding of dependencies.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b>So, the prospective element of resilience. Vittorio?<br/><br/>
<b>Dr. Vittorio Rosato:</b> Yeah, this is the key points, which has been stressed by Georgios. The fact that today, there is an enormous fragmentation in the ownership and in the management of infrastructure. So, each operator is essentially devoted to the control of its own asset, ignoring totally what is going to happen outside of its realm, you know, of its infrastructure. So, this is the understanding that there is this very strong dependency and interdependency problem, should be the leverage for allowing all these operators to work in collaboration. Because this is the key points that we are stressing with our work in the last say 10 or 15 years. But that is something which is going to emerge from the scientific and technological communities, and which is prompted to the attention to the operator. They need of sharing information data and in collaborating because when you have to recover from an emergency situation in which you have many different infrastructure, which has been somehow hit by some perturbation: directly because some asset has been disrupted or indirectly through a cascading effect. After that, of course, if you want to establish a global optimal at the systemic level, you cannot simply try to find the optimum at a single level of the single asset, because normally the optimum, the global optimum, is not the same of single elements, single system optimum. So, you have to collaborate. So, the understanding of this strong interdependency, which nowadays is the key feature of critical infrastructure is a key for entering in the operator community just for showing them and supporting the collaborative management, which is the step ahead to this linear management, which is today made for each single operator which controls its single infrastructure.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Excellent, thank you very much.</td>
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<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); vertical-align: middle; text-align:left;" colspan="1"><b>17:20 – Challenges of Dependency Analysis</b></td>
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<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> For our second question, in the course of conducting these dependency analyses, what are the challenges that you face? Is it the complexity of the modeling that has to be brought to bear to answer that question? Is it a complexity in terms of the just the sheer amount of data that has to be collected? Is it the relationships and the communications that have to happen at the end when you've developed a product and you're trying to make it actionable? What are the main challenges when conducting one of these assessments? Carmie, if we can start with you?<br/><br/>
<b>Ms. Carmella Burdi:</b> There are quite a few challenges when it comes to performing this type of dependency analysis, and I could talk about a bunch of them. But I think the main one for me is simply the depth and breadth of knowledge that we have to have when it comes to all of these different systems. So, we need an energy expert to help us with the electric power grid and to understand how it functions and what it looks like when it's disrupted. We need someone in the water or public utility space to help us look at what it means when we're only looking at gravity fed pumps because there's no power, and how that means going through. And so, yes, there's a lot of data that we have to collect. And yes, that can be difficult. But we have great computing nowadays that allows us to bring all those pieces together. And so, for me, I think it's just building a really great team that can piece everything out, break it into smaller chunks and then start to view those relationships between the different phases.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Thank you. Georgios, challenges?<br/><br/>
<b>Dr. Georgios Giannopoulos:</b> Yes, there are few. I would call them strategic challenges, let's say that we need to address first of all, and this comes, to my view, at least with my experience, to striking the balance between complexity of the models and accuracy of the models in terms of physics and their applicability. Now, there is this tendency, obviously, when you have experts on board, and you must have experts on board doing this kind of work, to go really deep into the details of the modeling, which is absolutely fine. It's absolutely legitimate. The problem is that the more detailed your model becomes, the more data you need, and in some cases the more complex it is to apply and get results that then can be used by the policymakers. So, if this is the objective, then we also have this challenge. Now, that's why I'm saying that we need to strike the balance between the detail of the model and accuracy of the model. The more detailed, the more accurate, the more data you need. Less detailed models, most probably less accurate, but also you need less model and it's easier to develop. So, we need to be somewhere, most probably in the middle. And then, the other big challenge is how we can take the output of this modeling work and make it usable by a policymaker. And that's always a very big challenge because the scientific world tends to go to policymakers with a lot of data, with a lot of detailed analysis, which sometimes are not easy to be grasped by the policymakers, which is absolutely legitimate, again because you need to have experts to understand certain details of the model. So, these are the most general, I would say, strategic challenges that we have. Now, when we go down to more technical aspects, it is, of course, a data availability and, in many cases, while this data exists are not easily accessible for national security reasons and, let's put it clearly, because many critical infrastructure that is upon national security and then the availability of this data has a potential impact on national security and also maybe some competitive advantages or disadvantages at economic levels. So, this is also another aspect, in particular when we're talking about private, privately owned critical infrastructure. There has been some progress over the years in these aspects. That is also why on our side we try to create this tiered approach in terms of modeling. So, very detailed technical modeling on specific aspects. More general, less detail or cross-sectoral interdependencies, and even less detailed when it comes to economic modeling of infrastructure disruption in order to be able to provide different levels of advice depending on the interlocutor, depending on who will have access to the output of this kind of analysis.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Thank you. And Vittorio, the challenges.<br/><br/>
<b>Dr. Vittorio Rosato:</b> Yeah, the challenge is, as Georgios said, stems from the data availability. There are all these problems which are related to the strategic and, of course, the confidential nature of those data that, of course, are very sensible in terms of, you know, dangerous for being exposed to the public. But, however, the knowledge of this, at least at the basic level for instance, of this location on the territory of the different elements of the critical infrastructure, of course, is the basic data that should be provided, you know, should be acquired for making even the simplest type of model, which can simulate proper faults and propagation of impacts on infrastructure. Of course, for the interdependency is even more complex, because for reproducing an interdependency mapping between two different infrastructure, you have to have both the data of the one infrastructure and the other infrastructure knowing where they are connected somehow, in which the places in which they exchange services. We are doing this at the level of a large city like Rome and, for having an idea of the complexity of this task, I may say that the electrical distribution system in Rome contains more than 15,000 electrical cabins and more than 1,000 telecommunication antennas, which provide the tele-controlling functionality of this electrical cabin. So, you have to rewire at these two different systems, which, of course, are not being rewired somehow at information level by the two operators. Because the two operators know that a single cabin is at a certain moment tele-controlled, but they ignore which is the antenna of the telecommunication operator, which provides that functionality. So, we did it in the city of Rome and it has been a work of several years for rewiring goals. Because this is the only way in which you can understand, even with a simple model, in which way an electrical blackout may endanger the telecommunications system and, of course, can also be in danger by the fact that the absence of a telecommunication, due to the electrical blackout, can increase very much the timing of the recovery, the electrical recovery. So, this is very important because in the emergency, the availability of infrastructure, important infrastructure like electricity and telecommunication, is vital for cities. So, this is a key point, and the fact that all the operators pay the bill with the regulatory agency in, as much as they produce very relevant perturbations in the functioning of their infrastructure, and this is that the key card that you can use with them for supporting the use of those models, which can allow them to understand much better which is the resilience or their own asset with respect to their own perturbation or the perturbation which comes from other infrastructure to which they are interconnected.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Thank you.</td>
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<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); vertical-align: middle; text-align:left;" colspan="1"><b>26:41 – Potential Upcoming Challenges</b></td>
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<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> What do you see as may be, in addition to all the challenges we just discussed, future change, future that might present challenges? Things like emerging technologies, evolving risk and threat landscapes, shifting climate conditions that we might have to slowly start to weave into our understanding of critical infrastructure dependencies or might otherwise further complicate the assessments that we conduct, and the resilience enhancement options that we suggest to our stakeholders? Carmie, do you want to start?<br/><br/>
<b>Ms. Carmella Burdi:</b> Sure. So, in my opinion, and please bear in mind that this is coming from a pretty US centric sort of point of view here. We are facing a sort of crisis of aging infrastructure in our country, and we need to begin to devote resources and time to rebuilding re-enhancing those critical pieces of infrastructure. And so, I think one of the actual challenges here is not that the scientific community or the academic community doesn't understand the importance of critical infrastructure, but it's how we message that to the policymakers and the public officials to make sure that they understand it in the same way that we do. And so, we've seen the results of not looking at that infrastructure or reinforcing that infrastructure here in our own country. The state of Texas just went through a very large natural disaster that took down quite a lot of their critical infrastructure pieces, including electric power and water and things like that, and so, you know, as we see more severe weather events and we have been seeing more severe weather events. We know that those are occurring at a more frequent pace. We're going to be forced to kind of rush to keep up with some of our infrastructure, and so I think just really hammering into the minds of those policymakers and those public officials the importance of why we're doing this before the event happens is going to be really a struggle. You know, it's trying to turn the wheel, you know, a little bit before it collides with something else and it's not wanting to turn.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Absolutely, thank you. Georgios?<br/><br/>
<b>Dr. Georgios Giannopoulos:</b> Yes. First of all, as you said, we will have more and more new technologies being introduced into critical infrastructure in the way they function, in the way they deliver services. That's a key point, because practically we don't know. We cannot really foresee everything that will come. I mean, we're talking about artificial intelligence, about 5G, about quantum computing. So, all these are new technologies that, one way or the other, will find their way in critical infrastructure operations, management, governance, whatever it is, and it will change the landscape. And this might happen even faster than we can anticipate and prepare. And that's really a very important challenge, I think. Now, another aspect that we asked, that we have to look, is that all these infrastructure we have today will further evolve in terms of connectivity. There will be even more connected in the future. This will be by self and emerging behavioral aspect simply because this expansion, this growth, will not be 100% planned. So, these infrastructures are becoming something like living organisms. They evolve and reconnect with their peers, let's say. So, they exhibit then at a certain point an emerging behavior that cannot be foreseen and that's another important challenge. We have, of course, legacy systems in the electricity sector, for example, that they will have to be connected more and more with Internet. So, then they will be exposed to cyber threats, and this is already an important challenge for operators. On top of that, I would like to add also the challenge of the skills for the personnel who manages this infrastructure because, as we said, this evolution and development of infrastructure might happen so fast that at the end the personnel will not have the necessary skills, or we will not have the number of people necessarily with the necessary skills to manage this infrastructure. And also, on top of that, and that’s maybe a more European perspective, geopolitical risks with respect to critical infrastructure and ownership of this critical infrastructure. So, if there is a crisis, who owns our critical infrastructure? And what leverage do we have on the various sectors?.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Excellent, thank you. Vittorio?<br/><br/>
<b>Dr. Vittorio Rosato:</b> I want to focus on a challenge that we put forward in front of us, you know, say 10 years ago, and, of course, we are still ongoing in achieving. But you know the challenges that to provide a technological support to the operators in producing something like a decision support system, something which would help all the operators, first of all, to have a coherent scenario awareness because all operators, when dealing with a crisis, should have a coherent scenario which takes into consideration what is happening in the different infrastructure, because each of them must know exactly what others are doing at the same time, you know, because this is the only way for making a sort of a collaborative effort for solving the crisis. Our idea is also to provide this support system, which also enables to predict the type of event which is going to happen in a way that all the operators do some preparedness action in a way to arrive to the crisis. Because, of course, sometimes you cannot avoid a thunderstorm or, you know, some huge event which may endanger and hit your system. But of course, if you know this, with some advance, you can operate, you can manage your system in a way that they can sustain the pressure of the perturbation in a different way, and so to be eventually more robust, you know, because we know that resilience is something which you get daily, and particularly you sustain during the ordinary times, not only, of course, when something has arrived and after the crisis. So, you build resilience just working day by day in predicting events, having a deeper information, which allows all the operators to know what is going to happen, if that particular event would occur, you know. For instance, at the moment in Italy, you know, we are in a particularly seismic area, so we have a support system: as soon as a seismic shock is recorded by our national observer, the Earthquake Observatory, the system makes a guess of the shake maps, you know, which have been associated with this earthquake and maps these shake maps over. For instance, the major railways and road infrastructure, which can be those that, of course, can be hit, and, you know, as a consequence may have disruption of bridges or part of roads. So, for providing very shortly, you know, after a few minutes after the shock, information to the operator, because, of course, they need to know which part of the motorway or the road should be closed, and, of course, in which part you have to redirect all the traffic. And this is very important because you can save lives and also providing to the emergency operator a realistic scenario, which should be managed for solving the emergency problem. So, this is the major challenge that we're tackling. And within this system, we are trying to have a map of all the possible infrastructure that is in a specific area, because in this way you can also provide to the operator information on the availability of electrical networks and telecommunication, if you have some water pipeline, which must be disrupted because of an earthquake, for instance, or similar things. For us this is very important, and this is a real technological system, which can allow operators to collaborate with each other.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Excellent, thank you.</td>
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<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); vertical-align: middle; text-align:left;" colspan="1"><b>36:33 – Elements to Address in Priority?</b></td>
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<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> So, based on your experience, if you were advising an analyst who perhaps doesn't have your level of experience but who needs to conduct a critical infrastructure dependency assessment. What would you advise them are probably the priorities? How do you go about starting an assessment on dependencies and interdependencies? Is it beginning with setting up the data scales (36:59)? The basic research? What are the elements that you would address in priority?<br/><br/>
<b>Ms. Carmella Burdi:</b> So, I think considering again my background, which is an Emergency Management, I think there are two main things that I would suggest. Number one is to gather your team so those are those experts in electric power, in public utilities, water, wastewater, those types of things. And the other is to start building your relationships. So, build your relationships with the owners- operators of those utilities, with the public officials, with the local Emergency Management folks. Build those relationships so that you can lean on one another when it comes to doing this interdependency analysis, because I think we've alluded to this already, right? Those are the folks that know their community the best. They know what's there, what critical infrastructure is located there, and maybe even, you know, a broad brush of how it connects to other regions or other local areas. So, I'd say those two things are where I'd start: gather your team, get really good group of folks together with nice mix of backgrounds, and then start building relationships.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Excellent. Thank you Carmie. Georgios?<br/><br/>
<b>Dr. Georgios Giannopoulos:</b> Yes, I think the point of putting together the team and making, let's say, the operators to exchange data, that's the starting point, I think. Because if you want really to understand interdependencies, we need to put together the people that they're working on infrastructure, they’re managing infrastructure, and they have a lot to say. But you need to put them all together. If you do that only on bilateral bases then you will miss the whole picture. We have done that with countries, with European countries, and it was extremely enlightening, even for them, to identify scenarios that they couldn't identify without doing this kind of exercise of staying cold working altogether and try to identify what could happen during a crisis. That's a very important thing. So, the governance type of structure that could bring together the different operators for a specific area. The data is, of course, a key point. And, of course, to set the objectives from the very beginning. Why do we try to do this kind of interdependency in modeling analysis? What is our objective? What do we want to achieve with that? And this will guide the whole process, so I would even say that this is the first thing why should we do it? What's the purpose? What's the objective? And all the rest I think that I mentioned will be the next issues to be tackled.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Thank you Georgios. And Vittorio, what are the top priorities when starting up?<br/><br/>
<b>Dr. Vittorio Rosato:</b> Yeah, we are essentially providing the major effort in the area of electrical and telecommunication systems because they are at the core of the system of critical infrastructure. So, we are, at the moment, collaborating with several large distributor operators in Italy and also with major transmission electrical operators because that is the major backbone. In fact, there are also several major European relevant infrastructure, like for instance the Galileo system or the aero-control system, which is a flight management of the sky in Europe, which is, of course, vital infrastructure which is strictly connected to either electricity and, of course, the telecommunication activity. So, this is our major effort, even because, of course, this is the most sensible infrastructure and services and the collaboration with those operators is very strategic. Also, for our specificity in Italy with this problem of seismicity, we are also dealing with the roads, and motorways, and railways operators because also for logistics. We see also during this pandemic that logistics has been prompted as one of the most relevant functions, which should be supplied during emergency periods, and they are very important. And of course, this occurs on motorways, on railways, and so all these systems should be preserved and enhanced in their resilience for providing in all condition at their highest level of functionality.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Excellent, thank you.</td>
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<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> And so, for our final discussion question, how could international collaborations through OSCE support a better understanding of the critical Infrastructure system-of-systems? Carmie?<br/><br/>
<b>Ms. Carmella Burdi:</b> So, I think we've talked a little bit about how data can be a concern, right? Because it might be national security issues with that critical infrastructure and things like that. So that can be a difficult pill to swallow to want to collaborate in terms of sharing data. But what we can share and what we should be sharing are methodologies. And so, Georgios mentioned this earlier, right? We're trying to strike a good balance between what is too in depth and two kinds of, you know, crazy of a technical way to goal versus what's maybe too basic of an assumption. And so, sharing that middle ground with one another, and sort of sharing the different approaches we take to get to that piece, could be really beneficial in terms of collaboration. Building off one another's ideas and sort of jumping from one place to the next.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Absolute. Best practices. Thank you. Georgios?<br/><br/>
<b>Dr. Georgios Giannopoulos:</b> Yes, I fully sign that. I mean, I think it's really important to have this kind of collaboration to exchange data, to extend that this is possible methodology, to exchange knowledge. I would say that, at the end of the day, all this process is important. First of all, for helping those large-scale infrastructure that expands across borders, and upon which,I mean, disruption in one country would affect other countries, so we're talking about this high level of, let's say, dependencies that expand over large geographical areas. So, we could, let's say, enhance the collaboration at this level and what the result would be of that? It would be that there will be more trust between the different operators, governments, interlocutors, stakeholders, if you want, working in the field of critical infrastructure protection. And this could help then all the processes of that exchange of methodology and so on and even to a certain extent, but this could also be seen as a dream let’s say, that we also have some more structured sharing of intelligence of information for the threats that might affect critical infrastructure in large geographical areas that cover more than one country. Of course, we have a long way to go, but all these schemes of international collaboration can help in this direction.<br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Excellent. Thank you. Vittorio?<br/><br/>
<b>Dr. Vittorio Rosato:</b> Yeah, just for fostering this new strategic vision of critical infrastructure, governance, and management, we are just producing this effort in launching this competent center that I recalled before EISAC, European Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center, which is a public agency competent center, which is public in its nature. So, of course, that is endowed by a trust, you know, by all the operators, because it's not an industrial venture, but is something which the country provides to their operators in a way that they can do better their specific work. So, the idea is to try to have similar competent centers in the different European countries in a way that they can eventually be able to collaborate in case of an international crisis. Because, of course, we face several types of international crisis in Europe. And, of course, it's very complex because we have different operators, different types of legislation, different levels of management and, of course, governance or specific asset responsibilities. Of course, in Europe it's even more complex because we have differences at different levels, you know. So, they have to put them together. And so, this challenge may be a good opportunity for either fostering this new vision of collaborative critical infrastructure management in different countries and then, of course, also having the possibility of collaborating in case of international crisis. So, of course, OSCE can support this challenge and introduce EISAC as a best practice that can be supported in the different European countries and so supporting us in developing this type of new infrastructure and new public agency, which could be an opportunity for all the Member States in Europe. <br/><br/>
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b> Excellent. That's all of our questions.</td>
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<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); vertical-align: middle; text-align:left;" colspan="1"><b>40:09 - Closing</b></td>
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<td style="background-color:white;">
<b>Mr. Paul Lewis:</b>Carmella Burdi, Georgios Giannopoulos, Vittorio Rosato, thank you so much for your invaluable perspective today. Greatly appreciate your participation in this podcast. I'm sure that our audience members will find a great deal of value in hearing from your perspective.<br/><br/>Thank you to our experts for sharing their perspectives about the importance of infrastructure dependencies for enhancing the protection and resilience of critical infrastructure systems. Find more information about critical infrastructure dependencies in the corresponding training module on the OSCE Virtual Centre for the protection of critical energy infrastructure. Watch other videos addressing key elements of risk analysis for critical infrastructure on the OSCE Virtual Centre for the protection of critical energy infrastructure.</td>
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<p><em><span style="color: #003478; text-decoration: underline !important; font-weight: bold !important">Meet the experts:</span><span style="color: #003478;"> Select each of the following accordions to find out more about our experts.</span></em></p>
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<div><button class="accordion_new2" style= "font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none; ">Ms. Carmella Burdi</button>
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<p><strong>Ms. Carmella Burdi</strong> is a Senior Geographic Information Systems Analyst in the Decision and Infrastructure Sciences Division at Argonne National Laboratory. Her background in geospatial systems and emergency management allows her to develop geographic decision-making tools for sponsors such as FEMA and other agencies within DHS. She currently provides geospatial analysis, creates geospatial toolsets and provides cartographic support to a variety of sponsors.</p>
<p><em><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/carmellaburdi" target="[object Object]">Click here for more information</a></em></p>
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<div><button class="accordion_new3" style= "font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none; ">Dr. Georgios Giannopoulos</button>
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<p><strong>Dr. Georgios Giannopoulos</strong> is the head of the Technology Innovation in Security Unit at the European Commission's Joint Research Centre in Ispra, Lombardy, Italy. Dr. Giannopoulos develops knowledge for policy in the domain of Critical Infrastructure Protection, Complex Systems, Security and resilience, and Hybrid Threats. He is involved in the review of the ECI Directive and the development of a conceptual model on hybrid threats together with the Hybrid CoE in Helsinki.</p>
<p><em><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/georgios-giannopoulos-8697855a/" target="[object Object]">Click here for more information</a></em></p>
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<div><button class="accordion_new4" style= "font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none; ">Dr. Vittorio Rosato</button>
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<p><strong>Dr. Vittorio Rosato</strong> is the head of the Laboratory for Analysis and Protection of Critical Infrastructure at ENEA, Casaccia Research Centre in Rome, Italy. ENEA is the second largest research Institution in Italy. The APIC Laboratory is contained in the Dept. of Energy Technologies of ENEA which is committed in research in different areas, from energy production, distribution, storage, dispatching and in the domain of physical and cyber protection of technological assets.</p>
<p><span style="color: #003478;"><em><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/vittorio-rosato-903ab38/" target="[object Object]">Click here for more information</a></em></span></p>
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<div><button class="accordion_new5" style= "font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none; ">Mr. Lawrence “Paul” Lewis</button>
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<p><strong>Mr. Lawrence “Paul” Lewis</strong> is the Program Lead for Community Resilience and Sustainable Development in the Decision and Infrastructure Sciences Division at Argonne National Laboratory. In this capacity, Paul leads multidisciplinary analyses of critical infrastructure protection and community resilience strategies across the country, and the development of decision support tools to address these challenges. Paul’s primary project is support of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Regional Resiliency Assessment Program (RRAP), which seeks to identify single points of system failure, opportunities for closing gaps in coordinated preparedness, and address potential consequences of cascading impacts to interdependent social and physical infrastructure.</p>
<p>In addition, Paul has developed decision support tools for international humanitarian assistance programs for the U.S. Department of Defense, energy supply chain security programs for the U.S. Department of Energy, and recovery decision support for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Paul has served as a Lecturer in the Threat and Response Management program at the University of Chicago, and is a Senior Scientist in the university’s Center for Advanced Science and Engineering.</p>
<p><em><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lawrence-paul-lewis-7a024437/" target="[object Object]">Click here for more information</a></em></p>
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<p>Several elements reinforce the need to characterize infrastructure dependencies for enhancing the security and protection of critical energy infrastructure. Critical energy infrastructure are strongly reliant on other critical infrastructure systems to be operational, and, in return, critical infrastructure systems need energy for their operations. Critical infrastructure systems constitute therefore a system-of-systems where the failure of one infrastructure asset can lead to the failures of dependent infrastructure assets. Thereby, dependencies have a strong influence on the critical infrastructure risks landscape. They can affect all components of risk (i.e., hazard, vulnerability, resilience, and consequence) and it is essential to understand them to strengthen critical infrastructure protection and resilience strategies. This is reflected in an increase in the consideration of infrastructure dependencies in national and international policies.<br /><br />After a general introduction to the concept of system-of systems, this section illustrates the effect of dependencies on risk components, and provides a general overview of some policies that focus on the importance of characterizing dependencies in risks analysis.</p>
<p><span style="font-size: 13pt !important; color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Critical Infrastructure constitute a system-of-systems</span></p>
<p>Critical energy infrastructure have dependencies and interdependencies with all other critical infrastructure sectors. Therefore, their operations can both affect and be affected by the functioning of interconnected infrastructure systems. This constitutes a <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">system-of-systems</span> where critical infrastructure interacts synergistically to fulfill their missions and maintain their operations. <br /></p>
<p>Critical Energy Infrastructure play a central role in this infrastructure system-of-systems as illustrated in the two figures below.</p>
<div class="flex-container">
<div id="flex-child">
<center><a href="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/c8a772fab23e6e5a60c77cbd392a20f5/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img3_Sm.png" class="modal-content" target="_blank"><img alt="Full screen image" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/c8a772fab23e6e5a60c77cbd392a20f5/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img3_Sm.png" alt="Get Alt Text"></a><br /><span style="color: #003478;"><b>Critical Infrastructure Sector Dependencies</b> (Argonne National Laboratory)</span></center><br/>
<p>Sector Dependencies matrix presents a high-level visualization of critical infrastructure operational dependencies at sector levels. It can serve as a quick reference/starting point from which to conduct further analysis. Acknowledge that all sectors depend, to at least some degree, on all other sectors.<br /><br /><span style="color: #003478; text-decoration: underline !important; font-style: italic !important;">How to read the matrix:</span> the rows represent the sector of interest, the columns represent the supporting sector, and each red dot represents an operational dependency:</p>
<ul>
<li>Look at the first row (i.e., Chemical Sector) uses resources provided by seven sectors (i.e., Communications; Emergency Services; Energy, Information Technology (IT), Nuclear Reactors, Materials, and Waste; Transportation Systems; and Water and Wastewater Systems).</li>
<li>Look at the first column (i.e., Chemical Sector), the Chemical Sector provides service to seven sectors (i.e., Critical Manufacturing; Defense and Industrial Base; Energy; Food and Agriculture; Transportations Systems; and Water and Wastewater Systems).</li>
<li>Light gray and hatched cells illustrate internal dependencies. In each sector, all components are generally interdependent.</li>
</ul>
<p>The Critical Infrastructure Sector Dependencies matrix has been designed with the 16 Critical Infrastructure Sectors defined in the United States, but the elements presented applied to other Critical Infrastructure taxonomies. Three sectors (i.e., Commercial Facilities, Defense Industrial Base, and Government Facilities) do not provide physical resources to other sectors (the corresponding columns are empty). This illustrates that, in general, a disruption of these three sectors would not result in an immediate shutdown of other sectors. This does not mean that some assets will not be impacted. Five sectors (i.e., Communications, Energy, IT, Transportation Systems, and Water and Wastewater Systems) supply goods or services to all other sectors; they constitute the lifeline sectors.</p>
<div class="flex-container">
<div id="flex-child">
<center><a href="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/29906d67743b4a6f8509b172b8f2d3ce/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img4_Sm.png" class="modal-content" target="_blank"><img alt="Full screen image" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/29906d67743b4a6f8509b172b8f2d3ce/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img4_Sm.png" alt="Get Alt Text"></a><br /><span style="color: #003478;"><b>Critical Energy Networks Dependencies Overview</b> <a href="https://www.hybridcoe.fi/publications/assessing-energy-dependency-in-the-age-of-hybrid-threats/" target="[object Object]"> (Verner, Grigas, and Petit, 2019)</a></span></center><br/>
<p>The figure illustrates the dependencies between the electricity subsector with other energy subsectors and lifeline critical infrastructure sectors and its environment. Dependencies are characterized by the exchange of resources constituting both the inputs and outputs of different infrastructure assets. Therefore, understanding dependencies existing within and among critical infrastructure systems involves characterizing the transfer of commodities and services between infrastructure systems. Although, this figure does not show all possible dependencies among critical energy infrastructure, it illustrates the central role of the electricity subsector, which requires energy (i.e., petroleum, natural gas) but also goods and services from the communications, transportation, water and wastewater, and financial sectors to supply electric power to all critical infrastructure sectors.</p>
<p><span style="font-size: 13pt !important; color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Dependencies are a Risk Multiplier</span><p/>
<p>The intrinsic complexity of risk is increased by dependencies that impact all components of risk.<br/><br/>
<i>“Growing [dependencies and] interdependencies across critical infrastructure systems, particularly reliance on information and communications technologies, have increased the potential vulnerabilities to physical and cyber threats and potential consequences resulting from the compromise of underlying systems or networks. In an increasingly interconnected world, where critical infrastructure crosses national borders and global supply chains, the potential impacts increase with these [dependencies and] interdependencies and the ability of a diverse set of threats to exploit them.” <a href="https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/national-infrastructure-protection-plan-2013-508.pdf" target="[object Object]"> (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2013)</a></i></p>
<p><center><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/fe2896929f5f7b341c872c9ed8eed611/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img5.png" alt = "Get Alt Text"/><span style="color: #003478;"><br/>
<b>Risk Components</b><a href="https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2015/06/111906.pdf" target="[object Object]"> (Petit <i>et al.</i>, 2015)</a></center></p>
<p>Infrastructure dependencies and interdependencies lead to a level of complexity that masks many systemic risks. As a result, an impact to a single node or link—the proverbial <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">“single point of failure”</span> that is often hidden deep within these interconnected systems—can result in significant economic and physical damage on a city-wide, regional, national, or international scale.<br/>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; background-color: #003478; color: white; font-weight: bold !important;" colspan="2">Examples of Dependencies Effects on Risk Components</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><span style="color: #003478;">Dependencies increase intensity of existing threats but can also create new threats or hazards</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: top;">When an infrastructure decides to increase the use of Information technology to improve operational efficiency, it subsequently leads to the potential proliferation of cyber threats.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><span style="color: #003478;">Dependencies can expand the set of vulnerabilities</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: top;">Infrastructure dependencies are typically elements that our outside the control of one organization. Operations of critical infrastructure are therefore vulnerable to changes that may occur on their supply chains. An organization that requires electric power supplied by the electric grid is intrinsically vulnerable to al changes that may occur in the operations of the electric power distribution system.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><span style="color: #003478;">Dependencies can expand the set of resilience requirements</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: top;">In case of loss of electric power supply, most organizations use backup generators to produce electricity. This mitigation measure requires to receive fuel supply to operate the generator. These organizations create therefore a dependency on petroleum distribution networks during emergencies.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><span style="color: #003478;">Dependencies can increase consequences</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: top;">The disruption of a critical infrastructure asset can propagate across infrastructure system and create cascading and escalating failures. For example, a power outage can lead to the disruption of water treatment systems. The water shortage can ultimately create difficulties to cool down IT equipment in communications systems and generate cascading and escalating failures.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><span style="font-size: 13pt !important; color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Policy Drivers</span></p>
<p>Several reports and policy documents from governmental agencies and international organizations put emphasis on the importance of understanding and analyzing infrastructure dependencies
to enhance the protection and resilience of critical infrastructure systems. Some of these documents are presented below.</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; background-color: #003478; color: white; font-weight: bold !important;" colspan="2">Policy Drivers</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><span style="color: #003478;">On a new approach to the European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection – <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/20130828_epcip_commission_staff_working_document.pdf" target="[object Object]"> (European Commission, 2013)</a></span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><i>“By ensuring a high degree of protection of EU infrastructures and increasing their resilience (against all threats and hazards), we can minimise the consequences of loss of services to society as a whole. These objectives feature predominately in the Stockholm Programme and in the EU Internal Security Strategy.<br /><br /> A part of our new approach is looking at the interdependencies between critical infrastructures, industry, and state actors. Threats to a single critical infrastructure can have very significant impact on a broad range of actors in different infrastructures and more widely.<br /><br /> Of course, the effects of those interdependencies are not limited to single countries. Many critical infrastructures have a cross border dimension. In addition to interdependencies between sectors, there are also many interdependencies within the same sector but spanning a number of European countries. One such example is the European high-voltage electricity grid, composed of the interconnected national high-voltage electricity grids.“</i></td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><span style="color: #003478;">National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) – <a href="https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/national-infrastructure-protection-plan-2013-508.pdf" target="[object Object]"> (US Department of Homeland Security, 2013)</a></span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><i>“Understanding and addressing risks from cross-sector dependencies and interdependencies is essential to enhancing critical infrastructure security and resilience.”<br /><br /> “Gaining knowledge of infrastructure risk and interdependencies requires information sharing across the critical infrastructure community.”<br /><br /> “Infrastructure critical to the United States transcends national boundaries, requiring cross-border collaboration, mutual assistance, and other cooperative agreements.”</i></td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><span style="color: #003478;">A Guide to Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience – <a href="https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Guide-Critical-Infrastructure-Security-Resilience-110819-508v2.pdf" target="[object Object]"> (US Department of Homeland Security, 2019)</a></span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><i>“Understanding and addressing risks from cross-sector dependencies and interdependencies is essential to enhancing overall critical infrastructure security and resilience.”<br /><br /> “Analyzing dependencies and interdependencies as a part of risk assessments (at international, national, regional, and/or local levels) can further inform planning and facilitate prioritization of resources to ensure the continuity of critical services and mitigate the cascading impacts of incidents that do occur. Modeling and simulation may be an important part of analyzing complex systems and interdependencies.”</i></td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><span style="color: #003478;">Good Governance for Critical Infrastructure Resilience – <a href="https://www.oecd.org/governance/good-governance-for-critical-infrastructure-resilience-02f0e5a0-en.htm" target="[object Object]"> (OECD, 2019)</a></span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><i>“Step 7 for critical infrastructure resilience policies- Addressing the transboundary dimension of infrastructure systems. Government should co-ordinate national critical infrastructure resilience policies with neighboring countries and beyond, to address transboundary dependencies.”<br /><br /> “The important point in criticality assessment is to include an interdependency assessment, in order to identify the critical points of a system, or between different sectors that are essential to keep running when a crisis occurs to avoid cascading failures.”</i></td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><span style="color: #003478;">Global Assessment Report Chapter 2: Systemic risks, the Sendai Framework and the 2030 Agenda –<a href="https://gar.undrr.org/chapters/chapter-2-systemic-risks-sendai-framework-and-2030-agenda" target="[object Object]"> (United Nations Office of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2019)</a></span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><i>“Consequently, our approaches to risk management and building our understanding of the interactive nature of the drivers of risk must focus on this emerging, massive threat and develop actions based on knowledge of systems and their interrelationships and interdependencies.”</i></td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><span style="color: #003478;">“Schweikert, Amy; Nield, Lindsey; Otto, Erica; Klemun, Magdalena; Ojanpera, Sanna; Deinert, Mark. 2019. Vulnerabilities of Networked Energy Infrastructure: A Primer. Policy Research Working Paper;No. 8901. World Bank, Washington, DC. <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/31921" target="[object Object]"> (© World Bank, 2019)</a></span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><i>“Cascade effects, where the loss of one infrastructure affects others, is a major source of vulnerability which can lead to catastrophic disruptions of essential services. Interdependencies can also lead to large-scale failures when even a single component is disrupted and results in ‘cascading’ failures within and between networks. This is particularly true for power systems, as many other lifeline infrastructure systems rely on electricity.”</i></td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><span style="color: #003478;">Recommendation of the Council on the Governance of Infrastructure – <a href="https://www.oecd.org/gov/infrastructure-governance/recommendation/" target="[object Object]"> (OECD, 2020)</a></span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><i>“Recommends that Members and non-Members having adhered to the Recommendation (hereafter the “Adherents”) develop and implement infrastructure governance frameworks in which Adherents should: ...<br /><br /> Strengthen critical infrastructure resilience by addressing transboundary dependencies in critical infrastructure systems by coordinating policies with neighboring countries and beyond.”</i></td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><span style="color: #003478;">World Economic Forum - <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/01/infrastructure-around-the-world-failing-heres-how-to-make-it-more-resilient/" target="[object Object]"> (John Drzic, 2021)</a></span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><i>“More than ever, companies in the broader economy need to think hard about their dependencies on infrastructure, and examine risks to their bottom line and share price due to unexpected failures.”</i></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><em><i>Note that the list is not exhaustive, and it does not present all documents addressing the importance of considering infrastructure dependencies in risk analysis processes.</i></em></p>
</div>
</div>
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<p>When considering the operational connections existing among infrastructure systems, the concepts of dependency and interdependency are often used interchangeably.
However, dependency and interdependency are different types of connections. This section presents the basic terminology needed to form a foundation from which to
build dependency and interdependency knowledge.</p>
<p><span style="font-size: 13pt !important; color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Dependencies vs. Interdependencies</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #003478;"><b>Dependency – </b>“linkage or connection between two infrastructures, by which the state of one infrastructure influences or is reliant upon the
state of the other” <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/969131" target="[object Object]">(Rinaldi, Peerenboom, and Kelly, 2001)</a></span></p>
<p><center><img width="75%" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/6b4e7c60ea3679c2f2df295845c690f0/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img1.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /><br/><span style="color: #003478;"><b>Infrastructure Dependency</b>
<a href="https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2015/06/111906.pdf" target="[object Object]"> (Petit, <i>et al.</i>, 2015)</a></span></center></p>
<p>A dependency is a unidirectional relationship between two assets (e.g., critical infrastructure, firm, organization, or facility) where the operations of Asset A affect
the operations of Asset B.<br /><br/>
<span style="color: #003478; text-decoration: underline;">Examples of infrastructure dependencies:</span>
<ul>
<li>Energy networks depend on communication systems for various operational processes.</li>
<li>The electric grid depends on industrial control systems to control the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity.</li>
<li>A cogeneration power station depends on water distribution systems to receive the water required for producing steam and ultimately generating electric power.</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p><span style="color: #003478;"><b>Interdependency – </b>“combination of two or more dependencies between infrastructures in which the state of each infrastructure influences or
is reliant upon the state of the other” <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/969131" target="[object Object]">(Rinaldi, Peerenboom, and Kelly, 2001)</a></span></p>
<p><center><img width="75%" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/c4e2584f1d8742c377294670eac32606/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img2.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /><br/><span style="color: #003478;"><b>Infrastructure Interdependency</b>
<a href="https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2015/06/111906.pdf" target="[object Object]"> (Petit, <i>et al.</i>, 2015)</a></span></center></p>
<p>An interdependency is a bidirectional relationship between two assets where the operations of Asset A affect the operations of Asset B, and the operations of Asset B then
affect the operations of Asset A. <br /><br/>
<span style="color: #003478; text-decoration: underline !important;">Examples of infrastructure interdependencies:</span>
<ul>
<li>Energy networks depend on communication systems, which also depend on the energy networks to operate their equipment.</li>
<li>The electric grid depends on industrial control systems, which also depend on the grid to receive the electricity needed to operate information and operation technology networks.</li>
<li>A cogeneration power station depends on water distribution systems, which also require electricity, potentially generated by the cogeneration power station, to operate pumping systems.</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>During this training, the terminology and concepts are presented for infrastructure dependencies. However, all of the concepts presented also apply to interdependencies,
which are a combination of dependencies.</p>
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<p>Critical infrastructure systems are inherently complex because they span jurisdictions and large geographic areas, and are functionally organized into different levels
(i.e., facility, sub-segment, segment, sub-sector, and sector). <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">Dependencies add to this complexity.</span><br/><br/>
Dependency characteristics <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">vary according to the level of assessment</span>
(i.e., facility, network, system, community, region, state, country). <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">Several dimensions aid in characterizing and
understanding critical infrastructure dependencies.</span></p>
<center><a href="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/faab17690daee40967fc0edd40221427/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_img6.png" class="modal-content" target="_blank"><img width="75%" alt="Full screen image" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/faab17690daee40967fc0edd40221427/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_img6.png" alt="Get Alt Text"></a><br/>
<span style="color: #003478;">Infrastructure Dependency Dimensions<a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/969131" target="[object Object]"> (Rinaldi, Peerenboom, and Kelly, 2001)</a></span></center> <br/>
<br/>
<p style="color: #003478;"> Click on the graphic to view a larger version and expand the accordions below for more information on the different dimensions of infrastructure dependencies.</p>
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<div><button class="accordion_new2" style= "font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none; ">Dependency Categories</button>
<div class="panel2"><br/>
<p>An infrastructure asset is in constant interactions with its environment. It requires resources (i.e., goods or services) that other critical infrastructure assets supply to operate,
transforms them, and then provide finished products (i.e., resources) to other critical infrastructure assets.<br/><br/></p>
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<div style="text-align:center">
<center><a href="https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2015/06/111906.pdf" target="_blank">(Petit <em>et al.</em>, 2015)</a> </center>
</div> <br/>
<p style="color: #003478;"> Click on the graphic to see a larger version of the figure and on the reference to access the document.</p>
<span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Upstream dependencies</span> characterize the asset inputs—they characterize the products or services provided to one infrastructure asset by another external infrastructure asset that are necessary to support its operations and functions.<br><br>
<span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Internal dependencies</span> characterize the interactions (i.e., resources mobility) among internal operations, functions, and missions of the infrastructure.<br><br>
<span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Downstream dependencies</span> characterize the asset outputs—they characterize the consequences to a critical infrastructure’s consumers or recipients from the degradation of the resources that a critical infrastructure asset
provides.<br><br>
<span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Notes:</span>
<ul>
<li>An asset’s downstream dependency is another asset’s upstream dependency.</li>
<li>Internal dependencies characterize the inputs and outputs of each task, operation, and function taking place at the asset. Upstream and downstream dependencies characterize the asset connections with its operating environment.</li>
</ul>
</span>
<i>Example:</i>
<table>
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<td style="border: 0px dashed black;"></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,52,120);">
<span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Internal Dependencies</span><br>
The mission of a control center is to operate industrial components and critical infrastructure processes. Internal dependencies may be of various nature
(e.g., electric power to operate equipment or water to cool down data servers) but they mainly encompass communications and information and operation technology connections.
</td>
<td style="border: 0px dashed black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,52,120); vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color: #003478; text-align:center; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Upstream Dependencies</span><br>
<ul>
<li>Electric power</li>
<li>Communications</li>
<li>Data</li>
<li>Human resources</li>
<li>Water</li>
<li>Wastewater removal services</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,52,120);">
<div style="text-align: center; vertical-align:center;"><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/bed345a1499a1b1078d353506cf774f7/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Cat2.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,52,120); vertical-align:top;">
<span style="color: #003478; text-align:center; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Downstream Dependencies</span><br>
<ul>
<li>Supervisory and Control through Industrial Control System (ICS)</li>
<li>Data</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
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<button class="accordion_new3" style= "font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478 !important; background-image: none;">Dependency Classes</button>
<div class="panel3"><br/>
The four dependency classes characterize the functional organization of critical infrastructure systems: geographic dependencies relate to the location of infrastructure assets,
physical dependencies relate to connections through civil infrastructures (e.g., pipes, lines), cyber dependencies relate to industrial control systems (ICS) and SCADA, and
logical dependencies relate to human-centric connections. The figure illustrates at what organizational level these different types of dependencies occur between two assets.
<br/><br/>
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</a>
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<div style="text-align:center">
<center><a href="https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/66506" target="_blank">(Lewis and Petit, 2019)</a> </center>
</div> <br/>
<p style="color: #003478;"> Click on the graphic to see a larger version of the figure and on the reference to access the document.</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:100px; font-weight:bold !important; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;">Geographic Dependencies</td>
<td style="background-color:white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:300px; ">Infrastructure assets are geographically dependent if a local environmental event can create changes in the state of operations in all of them. A geographic dependency occurs when elements of infrastructure assets are in close spatial proximity (e.g., a joint utility right-of-way).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:100px; font-weight:bold !important; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;">Physical Dependencies</td>
<td style="background-color:white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:300px; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri;">Infrastructure assets are physically dependent if the state of their operations are dependent on the material output(s) of another infrastructure assets through a functional and structural linkage between the inputs and outputs of two assets: a commodity (i.e., good or service) produced or modified by one infrastructure asset (an output) is required by another infrastructure asset for its operation (an input).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:100px; font-weight:bold !important; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;">Cyber Dependencies</td>
<td style="background-color:white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:300px; ">Infrastructure assets are cyber dependent if their state of operations depends on information and data transmitted through the information infrastructure via electronic or informational links. Outputs of information infrastructure assets are inputs to other infrastructure assets, and the commodity passed among the infrastructure assets is information.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:100px; font-weight:bold !important; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;">Logical Dependencies</td>
<td style="background-color:white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:300px; ">Infrastructure assets are logically dependent if their state of operations depends on the state of another infrastructure asset via a mechanism that is not a physical, cyber, or geographic connection. Logical dependencies are attributable to human decisions and actions and are not the result of physical or cyber processes.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p style="color: #003478;">Expand the accordions below for more information on the four dependency classes.</p>
<div>
<button class="accordion_new_DC" style= "font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none;">Geographic Dependency</button>
<div class="panel_DC" style="display:none;"><br/>
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</a></center>
<center><a href="https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2015/06/111906.pdf" target="_blank">(Petit <em>et al.</em>, 2015)</a></center>
</div>
<div id="flex-child" style="margin-right: 10px;">
A geographic dependency corresponds to the co-location of infrastructure assets. During usual and normal operations, they are not connected. However, the malfunction of one asset can affect the operations of collocated assets.<br/><br/>
<p><span style="color: #003478;">Click on the graphic to see a larger version of the figure and on the reference to access the document.</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<br/>
<table width="1133" height="274">
<tbody>
<tr style="border: 1px solid black;">
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; border: 1px solid black; font-weight: bold !important; text-align:center;" colspan="2">Examples of geographic dependencies (i.e., asset collocations)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; border: 1px solid black;">
<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%; border: 1px solid black;"><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/5d772613d060fd2047c1666968c28793/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Cat6.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></td>
<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; border: 1px solid black;"><p>Utility distribution networks can be collocated in “rights-of-way”
under road pavement.<o:p></o:p></p></td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; border: 1px solid black;">
<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%; border: 1px solid black;"><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/20ef32347ea5bdf6215f685016afd6fe/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Cat7.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></td>
<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; border: 1px solid black;"><p>Energy transmission and distribution networks can be collocated with
transportation infrastructure (e.g., bridge, and tunnel) to cross bodies of water.<o:p></o:p></p></td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; border: 1px solid black;">
<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%; border: 1px solid black;"><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/6939f44b050425f29b4162fbe0ddd114/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Cat8.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></td>
<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; border: 1px solid black;"><p>Electricity and communications distribution networks can share the same poles.
<o:p></o:p></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table width="1133" height="274">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; border: 1px solid black; font-weight: bold !important; text-align:center;" colspan="3">Elements to Consider for Analyzing Categories of Geographic Dependencies</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: rgba(0,136,198,.30); font-weight: bold !important;">
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; width:33%;border: 1px solid black; text-align:center;">Upstream</td>
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; width:33%; border: 1px solid black; text-align:center;">Internal</td>
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; width:33%; border: 1px solid black; text-align:center;">Downstream</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; ">
<ul>
<li>Identification and characterization of other critical infrastructure assets in the vicinity and how their failure may impact the asset’s operations.</li>
<li>Consideration of natural elements (e.g., geology and geography) and urban spatial structure that may promote the propagation of consequences and ultimately affect the asset’s operations.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; ">
<ul>
<li>Consideration of internal dependencies combines similar elements to those used for characterizing both upstream and downstream dependencies.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; ">
<ul>
<li>Identification and characterization of other critical infrastructure assets in the vicinity and how the degradation of an asset’s operations would impact them.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div><button class="accordion_new_DC" style= "font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none;">Physical Dependency</button>
<div class="panel_DC" style="display:none;"><br/>
<div class="flex-container" style="display: flex; margin: 0 auto;">
<div id="flex-child" style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 90%;"><center>
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</a></center>
<center><a href="https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2015/06/111906.pdf" target="_blank">(Petit <em>et al.</em>, 2015)</a></center>
</div>
<div id="flex-child" style="margin-right: 10px;">
A physical dependency corresponds to the transfer of resources through physical connections.<br/><br/>
<p><span style="color: #003478;">Click on the graphic to see a larger version of the figure and on the reference to access the document.</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<br/>
<table width="1133" height="274">
<tbody>
<tr style="border: 1px solid black;">
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; border: 1px solid black; font-weight: bold !important; text-align:center;" colspan="2">Examples of physical dependencies</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/93bcf641cd57ee398535479fd6dbdabf/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Cat10.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><p>Electric power transmission networks.<o:p></o:p></p></td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/62e4862d54afdfd61d2d70f56a4da226/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Cat11.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><p>Rail transportation networks.<o:p></o:p></p></td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/66f03100647fafe03d127e940a5fff4f/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Cat12.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><p>Petroleum pipelines.<o:p></o:p></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table width="1133" height="274">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; border: 1px solid black; font-weight: bold !important; text-align:center;" colspan="3">Elements to Consider for Analyzing Categories of Physical Dependencies</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: rgba(0,136,198,.30); font-weight: bold !important;">
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; width:33%;border: 1px solid black; text-align:center;">Upstream</td>
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; width:33%;border: 1px solid black; text-align:center;">Internal</td>
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; width:33%;border: 1px solid black; text-align:center;">Downstream</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; ">
<ul>
<li>Information on resources and services required by an asset (e.g., an asset may require water at a certain volume, pressure, or quality, such as a chemical plant requiring water for its processes).</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; ">
<ul>
<li>Understanding of internal physical connections (e.g., the different processes using water in the chemical plant and their impacts on the plant’s operations and missions).</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; ">
<ul>
<li>Impact on dependent assets upon the degradation of a physical resource provided (e.g., possible delays in the production of chemicals and how they would impact other assets).</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div><button class="accordion_new_DC" style= "font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none;">Cyber Dependency</button>
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<div id="flex-child" style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 90%;"><center>
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<center><a href="https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2015/06/111906.pdf" target="_blank">(Petit <em>et al.</em>, 2015)</a></center>
</div>
<div id="flex-child" style="margin-right: 10px;">
A cyber dependency corresponds to the transfer of data and electronic information.<br/><br/>
<p><span style="color: #003478;">Click on the graphic to see a larger version of the figure and on the reference to access the document.</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<br/>
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<tbody>
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<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; border: 1px solid black; font-weight: bold !important; text-align:center;" colspan="2">Examples of cyber dependencies</td>
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<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;border: 1px solid black;">
<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%; border: 1px solid black;"><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/24ae70fd9ad183f3d0238eda3185058b/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Cat14.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></td>
<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; border: 1px solid black;"><p>Transfer of data required to monitor and control infrastructure systems.<o:p></o:p></p></td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%; border: 1px solid black;"><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/b4514f8449470bbe2b5cf695ab03a1d2/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Cat15.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></td>
<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; border: 1px solid black;"><p>Industrial Control Systems (ICS).<o:p></o:p></p></td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%; border: 1px solid black;"><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/e86b6c8e9557ccd8de17f35fd2b3f727/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Cat16.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></td>
<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; border: 1px solid black;"><p>Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA).<o:p></o:p></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table width="1133" height="274">
<tbody>
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<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; border: 1px solid black; font-weight: bold !important; text-align:center;" colspan="3">Elements to Consider for Analyzing Categories of Cyber Dependencies</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: rgba(0,136,198,.30); font-weight: bold !important; ">
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; width:33%;border: 1px solid black; text-align:center;">Upstream</td>
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; width:33%;border: 1px solid black; text-align:center;">Internal</td>
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; width:33%;border: 1px solid black; text-align:center;">Downstream</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; ">
<ul>
<li>Information and data an asset uses—including the characteristics of the dependency, such as quality of service, which characterizes the degree of satisfaction of a user of the service.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; ">
<ul>
<li>Internal cyber links (e.g., internal cyber response and recovery activities, availability of third-party assistance, reporting and forensic requirements).</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; ">
<ul>
<li>Impact on dependent assets upon the degradation of information or data provided (e.g., loss or degradation of service to customers, cybersecurity breaches resulting in loss, theft or destruction of data, economic and brand impacts).</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<div><button class="accordion_new_DC" style= "font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none;">Logical Dependency</button>
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<center><a href="https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2015/06/111906.pdf" target="_blank">(Petit <em>et al.</em>, 2015)</a></center>
</div>
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Logical dependencies occur at both operational and strategic levels. They relate to management decisions that affect an asset’s functioning.<br/><br/>
<p><span style="color: #003478;">Click on the graphic to see a larger version of the figure and on the reference to access the document.</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<br/>
<table width="1133" height="274">
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<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; border: 1px solid black; font-weight: bold !important; text-align:center;" colspan="2">Examples of logical dependencies</td>
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<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><p>Human resources and human factors.<o:p></o:p></p></td>
</tr>
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<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; border: 1px solid black;">
<p>Leadership and management decision.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%; border: 1px solid black;"><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/b42c25eb6fb3e72b7e4dc1b1bfde2a47/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Cat20.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></td>
<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; border: 1px solid black;">
<p>Financial market and economic decisions.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table width="1133" height="274">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; border: 1px solid black; font-weight: bold !important; text-align:center;" colspan="3">Elements to Consider for Analyzing Categories of Logical Dependencies</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: rgba(0,136,198,.30); font-weight: bold !important; ">
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; width:33%;border: 1px solid black; text-align:center;">Upstream</td>
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; width:33%; border: 1px solid black; text-align:center;">Internal</td>
<td style="background-color:#003478; color: white; width:33%; border: 1px solid black; text-align:center;">Downstream</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; ">
<ul>
<li>How external factors may affect the asset’s operations (e.g., financial market; human resources, which require certain skills, training, and expertise).</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; ">
<ul>
<li>Consideration of human factor and cognitive systems.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; ">
<ul>
<li>Identification of policies, regulations, and other logical elements enacted by an asset that may impact other assets.</li>
</ul>
</td>
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</tbody>
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<div><button class="accordion_new4" style= "font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none; ">Dependency Failures</button>
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Infrastructure dependencies increase the risk of failures or the propagation of disruptions across multiple infrastructure systems. There are three main types of failures
characterizing critical infrastructure dependencies.<br/><br/>
<table>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:100px; font-weight:bold !important; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;">Common Cause Failures</td>
<td style="background-color:white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:300px; ">They occur when two or more infrastructure networks are disrupted at the same time: components within each network fail because of some common cause. Components from multiple infrastructure networks could be affected simultaneously, either because the components occupy the same physical space (a geographic interdependency) or because the root problem is widespread (e.g., a natural disaster, such as an earthquake or flood, or a man-made disaster, such as a terrorist act).<br/><br/>
<b><i>Examples of common cause failures:</i></b> telecommunications cables (both wire and fiber) and electric power lines often follow railroad rights-of-way, creating a geographic interdependency among the transportation, telecommunications, and electric power infrastructures. Consequently, a train derailment that damages the tracks could also disrupt communications cables and power lines that are located within the same corridor.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:100px; font-weight:bold !important; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;">Cascading Failures (or Domino Effect)</td>
<td style="background-color:white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:300px; ">They occur when a disruption in one infrastructure causes the failure of a component in a second infrastructure, which subsequently causes a disruption in the second infrastructure.<br/><br/>
<b><i>Examples of cascading failures:</i></b> the disruption of a distribution network within the natural gas infrastructure—the result of an accident, a natural event (earthquake, hurricane, flood, etc.), or an intentional act—can result in a failure (disruption) of an electric utility’s generating unit located in the service territory of the gas system. This event in turn can lead to a shortage of generation in the area, which can cause power disruptions (a cascading failure from the natural gas infrastructure to the electric power infrastructure). By extension, the electric power failure could lead to disruptions in other infrastructures.</td>
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<tr>
<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:100px; font-weight:bold !important; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;">Escalating Failures (or Snowball Effect)</td>
<td style="background-color:white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:300px; ">They occur when an existing disruption in one infrastructure exacerbates an independent disruption of a second infrastructure, generally in the form of increasing the severity or the time for recovery or restoration of the second failure.<br/><br/><b><i>Examples of escalating failures:</i></b> a disruption in a telecommunications network, such as a failure in an end office, may escalate because of a simultaneous or subsequent disruption in a road transportation network, which in turn could delay the arrival of repair crews and replacement equipment..</td>
</tr>
</table>
In addition to the types of failure, it is also important to consider the dependency order. The proximity of connections between infrastructure and its users may be either direct or indirect.<br/><br/>
<p style=" color: #003478;">Expand the accordions below for more information on the dependency order and to see an illustration of the types of failures.</p>
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A <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">“First-order” dependency</span> describes a relationship in which an infrastructure asset provides a direct service or resource to a user. This provision could be through a specific connection delivering the service or resource, and by which the operation of the upstream infrastructure asset will have an immediate impact on downstream users.<br/><br/>
The following figure illustrates a notional example of the first-order dependencies of downstream users on lifeline infrastructure, which includes electricity, fuels, water, wastewater, communications, and transportation sectors.<br/><br/>
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<div><center><b><i>Figure credit:</i></b> Argonne National Laboratory.</center></div><br/><br/>
<div>A <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">“second-order” dependency </span> describes a relationship in which an infrastructure asset indirectly supports a downstream entity. These include upstream interactions between interdependent infrastructure assets that are critical for the operation of one or more assets that ultimately provide direct services or resources to a user.<br><br>
The following figure illustrates a notional example of second-order dependencies of downstream users, focusing on those that are critical to supporting electricity infrastructure operations.</div><br/><br/>
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<div><center><b><i>Figure credit:</i></b> Argonne National Laboratory.</center></div><br/><br/>
<div>Each of the electricity infrastructure assets (represented within the shaded area in the figure) has first-order dependencies on services or resources from other infrastructure
sectors (represented by arrows in the figure) that must be satisfied in order for those electricity infrastructure assets to operate. These connections are therefore second-order
dependencies of the downstream users, without which their first-order dependency on electricity could be disrupted.</div><br/><br/>
</div>
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<div><button class="accordion_new_BU" style= "font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none; ">Examples of Types of Failure</button>
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<div><center><b><i>Figure credit:</i></b> Argonne National Laboratory.</center></div><br/><br/>
The figure above presents various types of infrastructure systems:
<ul>
<li>Electric power infrastructure on salmon background: Private Microwave Network, Control Center, Generating Plant, Transmission Substation, and Distribution Substations.</li>
<li>Information and Communications Infrastructure on purple background.</li>
<li>Natural Gas Infrastructure on green background: Gas Pipeline, Storage facilities, and City Gate.</li>
<li>Transportation Infrastructure on yellow background: Road Transportation Network.</li>
<li>Industrial and Commercial Infrastructure on white background. </li>
</ul>
The figure represents an initiating event that will generate the three types of infrastructure dependency failures.
<table>
<tr>
<td onclick="showImg(1);" style="background-color:rgb(0,136,198); color:white; vertical-align:middle; width:50px; text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">1
</td>
<td style="background-color:white; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left; border: 1px solid black;"><b>Initiating Event</b> - Malfunction of the electric power network’s private microwave network (PMW).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td onclick="showImg(2);" style="background-color:rgb(61,151,138); color:white; vertical-align:middle; width:50px; text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">2</td>
<td style="background-color:white; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left; border: 1px solid black;"><b>Common cause failures</b> - The Information and Communications Infrastructure is disrupted by the failure of the PMW and all electric power assets remotely operated (i.e., control center, generating plant, transmission substation, and distribution substations) will be directly affected by the degradation of communications.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td onclick="showImg(3);" style="background-color:rgb(183,47,37); color:white; vertical-align:middle; width:50px; text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">3</td>
<td style="background-color:white; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left; border: 1px solid black;"><b>Cascading failures</b> - The failure of electric power assets lead to a power outage that affects all critical infrastructure assets using electric power: natural gas compressor station and city gate, commercial and industrial assets, and transportation infrastructure.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td onclick="showImg(4);" style="background-color:rgb(74,21,106); color:white; vertical-align:middle; width:50px; text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;">4</td>
<td style="background-color:white; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left; border: 1px solid black;"><b>Escalating failures</b> - The failure of the natural gas city gate and the dysfunction of the road transportation network will affect the PMW and the industrial assets already affected by the electric power outage. This will increase the severity and duration of the disruption.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p style="color: #003478;"> Click on the left cells in the table above to see where are represented the types of failure in the figure below.</p>
<img id="FailOrg" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/2173fe7a29c6596daac335f0d44182da/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Fail3.png" style="display:inline;" width="75%" alt="Get Alt Text" /><br>
<img id="Fail1" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/1482acef8fe353f944b25edfb7b1052d/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Fail4_1.png" style="display:none;" width="75%" alt="Get Alt Text" />
<img id="Fail2" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/23c676cf6205639726e2bbb1d3801fd8/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Fail4_2.png" style="display:none;" width="75%" alt="Get Alt Text" />
<img id="Fail3" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/350606b263418586e1734e7a26995877/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Fail4_3.png" style="display:none;" width="75%" alt="Get Alt Text" />
<img id="Fail4" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/5f319a3b883f12925c049689901b9ad4/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Fail4_4.png" style="display:none;" width="75%" alt="Get Alt Text" /><br><br>
In this figure, the order of dependencies can help understanding and anticipating the types of failure. For example, the assets impacted by the power outage have a first-order
dependency on electric power and a second-order dependency on communications. The industrial asset has a first-order dependency on the electric power substation and on the Natural gas
city gate and a second-order dependency on the electric power distribution substation.
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<div class="panel5"><br/>
The state of operation of an infrastructure can be thought of as a continuum that exhibits different behaviors during normal operating conditions, during times of severe stress or disruption,
or during times when repair and restoration activities are under way. In addition, the state of operation of a unit, subsystem, or system at the time of a failure will affect the extent
and duration of any disruption or degradation in the services of an infrastructure. For example, events that occur at times of peak electric power, natural gas, or water demand, when telephone
usage is heavy, or during periods of traffic congestion, will have different effects than similar events during nonpeak times. There are three main states of operation presented in the
table below.
<table>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:100px; font-weight:bold !important; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;">Normal</td>
<td style="background-color:white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:300px; ">Depended upon continuously or nearly continuously for normal operations.<br><br>Infrastructure assets operate according to their optimal design.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:100px; font-weight:bold !important; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;">Stressed / Disrupted</td>
<td style="background-color:white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:300px; ">Depended upon to restore service following component failure that disrupts the infrastructure.<br/><br/>Operations are degraded but use alternates or backups to maintain acceptable level of operations.<br/><br/><b>Example: </b>use of diesel backup generators to maintain security operations in case of loss of main electric power supply</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:100px; font-weight:bold !important; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;">Repair / Restoration</td>
<td style="background-color:white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:300px; ">Depended upon to restore service following component failure that disrupts the infrastructure.<br/><br/>Activities, processes, or operations that need to take place to repair disrupted infrastructure. Repair / Restoration<br/><br/><b>Example: </b>need of poles, lines, and repair crew to rebuild the electric power distribution system after a hurricane.</td>
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Infrastructures operate in an environment described not only by their individual inputs, outputs, and states, but also by the characteristics of other infrastructures and certain
general concerns. The infrastructure environment is the framework in which the owners and operators establish goals and objectives, construct value systems for defining and viewing
their businesses, model and analyze their operations, and make decisions that affect infrastructure architectures and operations. The operating state and condition of each infrastructure
influence the environment, and the environment in turn exerts pressures on the individual infrastructures. In a sense, infrastructures and the environment are interdependent.
Using the figure presenting the dependency categories as a guide helps defining the elements that must be considered when investigating the environment and its influence on infrastructure
systems.
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The primary coupling characteristics are the degree of coupling (tightness or looseness), the coupling order, and the linearity or complexity of the interactions.
The coupling characteristics and nature of the interacting agents in turn directly influence whether the infrastructures are adaptive or inflexible when disrupted or stressed.
The coupling order indicates whether two infrastructures are directly connected to one another or indirectly coupled through one or more intervening infrastructures.
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<div><button class="accordion_new8" style= "font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none; ">Infrastructure Characteristics</button>
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Infrastructures have several key characteristics, presented in the table below, that influence infrastructure interdependencies.
<table>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:100px; font-weight:bold !important; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;">Spatial Scales</td>
<td style="background-color:white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:300px; ">Spatial scales can vary widely in infrastructure analyses. Considering infrastructure composition first, pertinent spatial scales range from individual parts to the metastructure composed of interdependent infrastructures and the environment.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:100px; font-weight:bold !important; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;">Infrastructure Dynamics</td>
<td style="background-color:white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:300px; ">Infrastructure dynamics span a vast temporal range. Relevant time scales of interest vary from milliseconds (e.g., power system operation) to hours (e.g., gas, water, and transportation system operations) to years (e.g., infrastructure upgrades and new capacity). Time scales have substantial implications for models and simulations, given that certain time-related infrastructure characteristics and interdependencies might not be relevant for a specific analysis. The tightness or looseness of a specific interdependency is somewhat related to its temporal dynamics and may determine whether that interdependency is pertinent to an analysis.</td>
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<tr>
<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:100px; font-weight:bold !important; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;">Operational Factors</td>
<td style="background-color:white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:300px; ">Operational factors influence how infrastructures react when stressed or perturbed. These factors are closely related to security and risk and include operating procedures; operator education and training; backups and redundant systems; emergency workarounds; contingency plans, including periodic reviews and updates; and security policies, including implementation and enforcement. Even human ingenuity and determination during emergencies play crucial roles in crisis management and mitigation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:rgba(0,136,198,.30); border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:100px; font-weight:bold !important; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;">Organizational Considerations </td>
<td style="background-color:white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 15px; width:300px; ">Organizational considerations are important determinants of infrastructure behavior. We previously discussed the effects of globalization, international ownership, regulation, government versus private ownership, corporate policies and motivations, and the regulatory environment. These organizational aspects can be key factors in determining the operational characteristics of infrastructures, with important security and risk implications.</td>
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<p><span style="font-size: 13pt !important; color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Remember</span><br/>
When studying infrastructure dependencies, it is not necessary to address all dependency dimensions. It is however important to tailor the dependency analysis to the risk analysis
objectives. The following section provides real event examples that illustrate the various dependency dimensions.</p>
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<p>During an incident, dependency disruptions can occur at different scales and their characteristics may vary. However, whatever the severity of incidents, from a
limited disruption to a complex disaster, they demonstrate the importance of infrastructure dependencies in the course of events.</p>
<table width="1133" height="274">
<tbody>
<tr>
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</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
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<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<p><span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline !important;">Northeast Blackout – August 14-16, 2003 – United States</span></p>
<p>The Northeast Blackout of 2003 affected nearly 50 million people in 8 states. Almost 61,800 megawatts of customer load were lost due to overloaded transmission lines hit by untrimmed
trees, which led to widespread failures. All critical infrastructure sectors were impacted by the loss of power. Phone services were strained due to the overload in calls.
Detroit lost water pressure and was under a water boiling advisory for 4 days after power was restored. Cleveland and New York saw sewage water spill into waterways, forcing
many beach closures. Major petroleum refineries and ATM networks shut down, and air traffic ceased at some major metropolitan airports. Several dimensions aid in characterizing and
understanding critical infrastructure dependencies within the context of the blackout; these include the regional <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold;">cascading and
escalating failures</span> within the United States and Canada, and the <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold;">tight coupling and response behavior</span>
observed between infrastructures, among others.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; background-color: #003478; color: white; font-weight: bold !important;" colspan="2">Bridge collapse</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
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<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<p><span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Morandi Bridge – August 14, 2018 – Genoa, Italy</span></p>
<p>The collapse of a 210-meter (690 ft) section of the bridge, due to a combination of a heavy storm with possible design flaws and a lack of maintenance, resulted in the death of 45
people and injuring 16. In terms of critical infrastructure, the main impact was due to a <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold;">geographic interdependency</span>
between road and rail transportation, with the A10 motorway being severed and the closure of the railway lines from Genoa to Milan and Turin. A state of emergency for the Liguria
region lasted for a year. The A10 motorway connects northern Italy with France and is the main connection to the Genoa port and airport. The bridge collapse had a major impact on
critical infrastructure systems and supply chains with economic loss in the hundreds of millions, which illustrates the effects of <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold;">
logical dependencies</span>. Several dimensions aid in characterizing and understanding critical infrastructure dependencies within the context of the bridge collapse; these include
the prolonged <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold;">repair/restoration state of operation</span> and <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold;">regional business
and economic operating environment</span>, among others.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; background-color: #003478; color: white; font-weight: bold !important;" colspan="2">Extreme Weather Events</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/b95e36d7c95866c0968edf59659f8c90/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_TblImg6.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<p><span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Texas Power Crisis – February 2021 – United States</span></p>
<p>In February 2021, three severe winter storms impacted the state of Texas. As Texas faced record-low temperatures and snow and ice made roads nearly unpassable,
the state’s electric grid operator lost control of the power supply, leaving almost 70% of Texans without access to electricity. Blackouts extended from hours to days.
The state’s power outage disaster <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold;">escalated</span> into a water crisis due to water lines bursting, leaving half of the
states’ population without water. Hospitals, already contending with COVID-19 patients, were challenged to meet the
<span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold;">health and safety</span> needs of those whose home medical equipment required electricity,
while also facing water outages. At least 111 people died as a result of the power outage, mostly from hypothermia, but also resulting from motor vehicle wrecks, carbon monoxide
poisoning with diesel generators, medical equipment failure, exacerbation of chronic illness, lack of home oxygen, falls, and fire. Several dimensions aid in characterizing and
understanding critical infrastructure dependencies within the context of the winter storms; these include the
<span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold;">common cause failures</span> that occurred when the electric power and water systems were disrupted at the same time and the
<span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold;">stressed/disrupted state of operation</span> that persisted over a two-week period, among others.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; background-color: #003478; color: white; font-weight: bold !important;" colspan="2">Other Natural Hazards</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 30%"><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/c6504122aa0fe92ff20cc206322691d9/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_TblImg8.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<p><span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Eyjafjallajökull Eruption – April 14-20, 2010 - Iceland</span></p>
<p>Beginning on 14 April 2010, the eruption created an ash cloud that led to the closure of most of the European IFR airspace from 15 until 20 April 2010. Consequently, a high
proportion of flights within, to, and from Europe were cancelled, creating the highest level of air travel disruption since the Second World War. Over 95,000 flights were
cancelled across Europe during the six-day airspace ban, accounting for 48% of total air traffic and roughly 10 million passengers. The impact was not only felt by the air
transportation subsector but had <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold;">cascading and escalating</span> effects on all critical infrastructure systems and through
the disruption of international supply chains. Several dimensions aid in characterizing and understanding critical infrastructure dependencies within the context of the eruption;
these include the global <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold;">business and economic operating environment</span> and the
<span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold;">stressed/disrupted state of operation</span>, among others. The eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull illustrated how a natural disaster
can affect not only <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold;">physical but also logical dependencies</span> and ultimately results in the disruption of global air transportation
for global supply chain systems.
<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<p>This section is an <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">introduction to dependencies analysis.</span> It is not a deep dive into specific techniques or tools.
The goal is to highlight important considerations supporting critical infrastructure dependency assessments. Topics covered in this section are intended to provide the general concepts
related to the scoping of critical infrastructure dependency assessments and introduce the types of data and analytic approaches used to conduct a dependency analysis.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold !important; color: #003478;">Infrastructure dependencies are extremely complex…</span></p>
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<ul>
<li>At the beginning of an assessment, the infrastructure system-of-systems might appear to be a giant tangled knot of connections across assets, systems, and operations, many of which might not even be immediately apparent.</li>
<li>Defining the assessment approaches that should be used can be challenging. There is no tool or approach that integrate all critical infrastructure sectors and all dependency dimensions.</li>
<li>There is no single, authoritative dependency dataset that are regularly updated.</li>
<li>It can therefore be difficult to know where to start!</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<div>Rather than meeting the complexity of these issues with equally complex approaches, there are some tried-and-true <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">
critical thinking practices</span> that can help to distill and organize complex issues into more manageable, actionable, and understandable components.<br /><br />
<span style="color: #003478;">Four main elements can help <span style="font-weight: bold !important;">developing a critical thinking mindset</span>: </span>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">Foundational dependency questions</span>, with the learning objective of helping to build an understanding of how the answers to those foundational questions can inform the scoping on an analysis;</li>
<li>An overview of what we call a <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">system-of-systems perspective</span>, with the learning objective of understanding how the bottom-up and top-down approaches can be combined to build a more comprehensive perspective on regional infrastructure dependencies.</li>
<li>An overview of what we refer to as the <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">bottom-up approach</span> to assessing dependencies;</li>
<li>An overview of the <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">top-down approach</span> to assessing dependencies, with the learning objective of helping to build an understanding of what these two complementary approaches can reveal about the nature of dependent and interdependent infrastructure in your region; and finally</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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<p><span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Foundational dependency questions: the 5Ws 1H approach</span></p>
<p>Infrastructure Dependencies Critical Thinking starts with foundational questions that can help to discern what is known, identify knowledge gaps, and prioritize actions for
filling those knowledge gaps, and developing a community or regional perspective on infrastructure dependencies.<br /><br /> These questions are questions commonly used in risk
analysis and communication contexts: <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">What, Why, Who, Where, When, and How </span>
(or <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">the 5W1H approach</span>). <br /><br />
This simple approach helps to build a basis for targeted data-gathering, and to start outlining the scope of whichever assessment methodology is best suited to the dependency issues
that risk analysis is trying to address.</p>
</div>
<div>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; background-color: #003478; color: white; font-weight: bold; !important" colspan="2">Foundational dependency questions</td>
</tr>
<tr style="horizontal-align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; horizontal-align: center; vertical-align: middle; color: #003478; width: 20%"><center><strong>WHAT?</strong></center></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #003478;"><span style="text-decoration: underline !important; font-weight: bold !important;">WHAT</span> is the material or service that is needed by a facility, asset, or system?<br /><br /></span>Answering this question will enable you to:
<ul>
<li>identify which materials or services are provided by an upstream infrastructure asset or system and in what amount to satisfy the downstream dependencies of the asset or facility.</li>
<li>identify the nature of the dependency on that resource, such as the quantity needed over a given period of time (so not just electricity but maybe 10,000 kilowatt hours per week).</li>
</ul></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; color: #003478; font-weight:bold !important; width: 20%"><center>WHY?</center></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #003478;"><span style="font-weight:bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">WHY</span> is this material or service required?<br /><br /> </span>Answering this question will enable you to:
<ul>
<li>describe the core operations that this material or service are used for in the dependent downstream asset.</li>
<li>estimate the potential consequences of those dependent downstream assets not having access to this material or service.</li>
<li>indicate the level of “criticality” for this externally-provided material or resource (not just electricity but maybe 10,000 kilowatt hours per week in order to produce the 10 million gallons of treated water my customers need per week).</li>
</ul></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; color: #003478; font-weight:bold !important; width: 20%;"><center>WHO?</center></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #003478;"><span style="font-weight:bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">WHO</span> does provide this material or service to the facility, asset, or system?<br /><br /> </span>Answering this question will enable you to:
<ul>
<li>identify who the primary suppliers are and how large their operations are.</li>
<li>consider whether there are priority restoration agreements between the primary suppliers and dependent downstream user.</li>
<li>identify alternative suppliers and whether there are formal or informal agreements to provide back-up service during an emergency.</li>
<li>point to some of those logical dependencies in the form of contracts and business decisions that might impact infrastructure operations.</li>
</ul></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; font-weight:bold !important; color: #003478; width: 20%;"><center>WHERE?</center></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #003478;"><span style="font-weight:bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">WHERE</span> does this material or service come from?<br /><br /> </span>Answering this question will enable you to:
<ul>
<li>identify physical and geographic dependencies related to the delivery of the material or service.</li>
<li>Identify the connections from the provider to the dependent downstream users.</li>
<li>Identify “single point” of failure or critical nodes. Is this a service provided by a single connection from an underground pipe or is it provided by truck along a road transportation network with many alternative routes? Is there a risk of a supply shortage of the material or resources if a single connection is degraded or disrupted, or are there redundancies and alternatives?</li>
</ul></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; font-weight:bold !important; color: #003478; width: 20%;"><center>WHEN?</center></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #003478;"><span style="font-weight:bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">WHEN</span> is this material or service provided?<br /><br /> </span>Answering this question will enable you to:
<ul>
<li>determine whether a schedule for delivery requires constant, uninterrupted service, which is probably the case for something like communications and IT infrastructure.</li>
<li>Determine if there are onsite storages for critical resources, which means that less frequent deliveries are required, allowing flexibility in these relationships that can absorb temporary shortages of the material or service or disruptions to the transportation systems that are used to deliver them.</li>
</ul></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle; font-weight:bold !important; color: #003478; width: 20%;"><center>HOW?</center></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; align: middle; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #003478;"><span style="font-weight:bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">HOW</span> is this material or service provided?<br /><br /> </span>Answering this question will enable you to:
<ul>
<li>start thinking beyond the immediate first-order dependency to second-order and further upstream infrastructure dependencies that must be satisfied in order for the material or service to be available.</li>
<li>combine all previous questions to build an infrastructure dependencies mindset. For example, define that the water that comes out of the kitchen faucet comes from a local water treatment plant that depends on chlorine and various other chemicals which are shipped to your city by freight rail from chemical manufacturing plants located in another region that depend on electricity</li>
</ul></span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div>These foundational questions are simple in nature. But they are an effective way to start thinking about the scope of the dependency analysis you will need to conduct in order to define the assessment approach that would be best suited to answering security and resilience-related issues.</div>
</div>
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<p><span style="Calibri; color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Building a “System-of-Systems” Perspective</span></p>
<p>Building a <span style="font-weight: bold !important; color: #003478;">“System-of-Systems” Perspective</span> is based on the assumption that a critical asset or facility can be
considered as part of a broader system of infrastructure, and higher-level constructs (e.g., a community or a region) are constituted of multiple systems. As such, a community or a
region operates as a <span style="font-weight: bold !important; color: #003478;">“system of systems.”</span> Combining top-down and bottom-up approaches provides high levels of detail
regarding the operation of both the overall system and the assets comprising the systems. This information can, in turn, help determine where to conduct more detailed assessments on only
the most critical assets and system components, and ultimately help establish the appropriate scope of a dependency analysis.<br><br>
A “system of systems” approach combining top-down and bottom-up assessments within and across critical infrastructure systems helps to establish the appropriate scope of dependency analyses
and identify specific security and resilience management strategies. This effort requires a collaborative environment that promotes information sharing and multidisciplinary analyses to
consider various dependency dimensions for critical infrastructure networks.</p>
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<div id="flex-child" style="style=align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 500px;">
<a href="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/a9f236a22ef2548535511262c0285fda/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img8_Sm.png" class="modal-content" target="_blank">
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<center><a href="https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2018/04/137844.pdf" target="_blank">(Petit <em>et al.</em>, 2017)</a></center>
</div>
<div id="flex-child" style="vertical-align: top; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;">
<ul>
<li>Critical assets can be considered part of broader systems of interconnected infrastructure systems</li>
<li>By combining top-down and bottom-up approaches, high levels of detail can be obtained on the operation of both the overall system and the assets comprising the system.</li>
<li>There is no single, authoritative dependency dataset that are regularly updated.</li>
<li>Analysts can use a systemic approach that combines top-down and bottom-up regional analysis to manage these critical infrastructure dependency complexities and to establish the appropriate scope of analysis, as well as the specific assets and subsystems for which information should be collected.<br></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
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<p><span style="font-size: 13pt !important; color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Bottom-up approach</span></p>
<div class="flex-container" style="display: flex; margin: 0 auto;">
<div id="flex-child" style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 1000px;">
<center><a href="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/f572db521ef01ff4441fa8c014e9b88c/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img9.png" class="modal-content" target="_blank">
<img alt="Full screen image" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/f572db521ef01ff4441fa8c014e9b88c/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img9.png"/>
</a>
<span style="color: #003478;">(DHS, 2018)</span></center>
</div>
<div id="flex-child" style="margin-left:10px; margin-right:10px;">Bottom-up modelling approaches focus on the attributes and operation of the individual assets comprising an infrastructure
system, and then estimate the overall operation of the system based on the performance of the individual assets. These approaches provide a high level of detail on the functioning of
individual assets but provide less information on overall system operations. Therefore, this type of analysis characterizes asset-level operations and help identify first-order
upstream and downstream dependencies. Ultimately, bottom-up analyses characterize how asset-level operations would react to the loss or degradation of a resource.
</div>
</div><br/>
<p>Considering energy systems, bottom-up analyses allow analysts to determine how specific critical assets would react to an energy shortage. For example, natural gas-fired electric
power-generating plants cannot operate without a supply of natural gas.</p>
<div>
<table>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid black; color: white; background-color:#003478;">Bottom-Up Approaches can be characterized as:</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; color: #003478; width: 20%;">Being decentralized</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; ">The focus is not the entire electric grid or the complete span of a supply chain from raw materials to consumer distribution. The focus is on specific assets in the system or critical nodes for the community.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; color: #003478; width: 20%;">It targets asset-level data</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black;;">It can be based on data collection through open-source research, interviews with folks who manage the assets, interviews with stakeholders who depend on a resource or service provided by the asset, or perhaps through more advanced asset or system-level assessment.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; color: #003478; width: 20%;">The goal is to understand the characteristics of individual assets</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; ">The focus is on actual operations and conditions—of individual infrastructure assets and their local or regional connections to downstream users, including other dependent infrastructure assets, in order to identify asset-level dependencies and interdependencies. Bottom-up approaches are looking for a high level of detail on the functioning of individual facilities and assets that can be used to assess how critical a particular upstream infrastructure service or resource is to operations.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; color: #003478; width: 20%;">The assessment is really going from the specific to the global — hence “bottom-up” — in building an understanding of infrastructure dependencies.
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; ">This might be collecting data and performing assessments on an asset-by-asset basis until we can roll up to a system-level understanding. Or maybe it means collecting data and performing assessments on enough different infrastructure assets across sectors and the downstream users of those resources and services until we can roll this up into a community-wide or region-wide assessment. In this sense, it is kind of like an exercise in inductive reasoning, we make broad generalizations after collecting many specific individual observations.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline !important; color: #003478;"><b>Examples of bottom-up approaches</b></span></p>
<div class="flex-container" style="display: flex; margin: 0 auto; ">
<div id="flex-child" style="margin-right: 2px; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline !important; font-weight: bold !important;
color: #003478;">Asset-level dependency matrix</span></p>
<img width="50%" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/65eb20e40ca32b984f17254d22af321c/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img10.png" alt="Get Alt Text"/>
</div>
<div id="flex-child" style="margin-right: 2px; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline !important; font-weight: bold !important; color: #003478;">Dependency curve</span></p>
<img width="50%" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/5b06fa3e02d93e3be939c3ae8b3535ec/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img11.png" alt="Get Alt Text"/>
</div>
</div><br/>
<p><span style="color: #003478;">Expand the accordions below to see larger version of these figures and for more information on these examples.</span></p>
<div><button class="accordion_new_BU" style= "font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none; ">Asset-level dependency matrix</button>
<div class="panel_BU">
<p><center><img style="width:700px" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/65eb20e40ca32b984f17254d22af321c/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img10.png"></center></p>
<p><center><span style="color: #003478;">(DHS, 2018)</span></center></p>
<p>This figure presents an example of how it is possible to assess and illustrate <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">upstream physical infrastructure
dependencies</span> for certain assets through a <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">simple color-coded matrix</span>.
The left hand side of this matrix presents the asset categories that make up the electricity subsector listed, and along the top are lifeline infrastructure services and
resources that these assets may depend on.</p>
<ul>
<li>Red cells indicate the most critical dependencies that would impact operations at the electricity subsector asset if the resources supplied by the lifeline sector or subsector
were disrupted. Electricity subsector assets are generally automated and therefore heavily depend on communications infrastructure services. The other critical upstream
dependencies primarily relate to fuel supplies used for power generation.</li>
<li>Orange cells represent significant supporting upstream dependencies. They mostly encompass transportation dependencies that enable the movement of personnel, the delivery of
fuels and equipment, and water and wastewater pipelines facilitating removal services for sanitary purposes. </li>
<li>Grey cells indicate an absence of dependency.</li>
</ul>
<p>For example, the first raw shows that the <span style="color: #003478;">Petroleum Generation Station has critical upstream physical dependencies on fuel, communications and
supporting upstream physical dependencies on road and maritime transportations (to receive fuels) and water (to cool down equipment).</span><br/><br/>
The data needed to produce this matrix is relatively straightforward. It might be based on talking with a subject matter expert, open source research, or a discussion with the
asset managers. This is a good example of how a simple, qualitative, color-coded binning of <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">“critical,” “supporting,”
and “none”</span> or <span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">"high/medium/low"</span> might be sufficient to answer a question, facilitate a discussion
between regional stakeholders, or get started down the path toward something more complex. Not all dependency questions require a deep-in-the-weeds or quantitative assessment
in order to build new or broader perspective on how dependencies influence infrastructure protection and resilience.<br/>
</div>
</div>
<div><button class="accordion_new_BU" style= "font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none; ">Dependency curve</button>
<div class="panel_BU">
<p><center><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/5b06fa3e02d93e3be939c3ae8b3535ec/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img11.png"></center></p>
<p><center><span style="color: #003478;">(Petit, Wallace, and Phillips, 2014)</span></center></p>
<p>A dependency curve addresses the dependency of an asset upon a given resource (e.g., goods, services) by characterizing the effect of the loss of this resource on the asset’s
core operations. These curves provide a visual representation of the amount of degradation over time that would be generated by the loss of a physical resource (i.e., effect of
the degradation of physical upstream dependencies).<br/>The curves combine three types of information:</p>
<ul>
<li style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">Events and procedures in place</li>
<li style="margin-left:20px;" type="circle">Impact (disruption of upstream dependency)</li>
<li style="margin-left:20px;" type="circle">Presence of backups</li>
<li style="margin-left:20px;" type="circle">Mandate to shut down</li>
<li style="margin-left:20px;" type="circle">Restoration of resource supply</li>
<li style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">Times and durations
<li style="margin-left:20px;" type="circle">Time before impact. The loss of some resources (e.g., electric power) have a generally immediate impact, whereas latency may exist for others.</li>
<li style="margin-left:20px;" type="circle">Backup duration (e.g., the duration of diesel backup generators)</li>
<li style="margin-left:20px;" type="circle">Time before mandate to shut down. Internal and external regulations may force the asset to shut down in case of loss of resource supply and the inability to operate backups. For example, building codes may require an asset to shut down in case of loss of domestic water used for fire suppression.</li>
<li style="margin-left:20px;" type="circle">Time to restore resource supply</li>
<li style="margin-left:20px;" type="circle">Time for full resumption of operations. Similar to the time before impact, depending on the resource considered, it is assumed that operations will resume almost immediately after the restoration of supply or will require maintenance and control before full operations can be regained. For example, additional controls may be required to black start equipment using natural gas for security purpose.</li>
<li style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">Amount of degradation</li>
<li style="margin-left:20px;" type="circle">When the backups are in operation</li>
<li style="margin-left:20px;" type="circle">The maximum amount of degradation when the backups are not in operation. This information allows analysts to characterize the maximum amount of degradation that could occur in case of inoperability of the backups.</li>
<li style="margin-left:20px;" type="circle">The worst level of degradation (shutdown – 100% degradation). The shutdown may occur because this is the maximum amount of degradation possible, no backup exists, or the asset is not operable, and whether any specific regulation is in place that mandates the asset to shut down. For example, loss of water service can lead to the inability to operate a fire suppression system. When a required fire suppression system is out of service, and where required by building codes, the building shall be evacuated or an approved Fire Watch shall be provided, whose only duty is to patrol the premises and keep watch for fires.</li>
</ul>
<p>By combining all of this information, a dependency curve represents the impact of the loss of a given resource over time. This type of representation facilitates gaining a
better understanding of what the impacts of the lack of a specific resource (upstream dependencies) are over time.<br/><br/>
<span style="color: #003478; font-style: italic !important;">Reference:</span> Petit, Frédéric, Kelly Wallace, and Julia Phillips, 2014, “Interactive Dependencies Curves for resilience management,”
Henry Stewart Publications, Journal of Business Continuity and Emergency Planning, London, United Kingdom, Vol. 8, No 2. pp. 141-155.
</p>
</div>
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<p><span style="font-size: 13pt !important; color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Top-down approach</span></p>
<div class="flex-container" style="display: flex; margin: 0 auto;">
<div id="flex-child" style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 1000px;"><center><a href="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/e575b53014144504dff27ef7d4fad7a5/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img12.png" class="modal-content" target="_blank"> <img alt="Full screen image" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/e575b53014144504dff27ef7d4fad7a5/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img12.png" /> </a> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; color: #003478;">(DHS, 2018)</span></center></div>
<div id="flex-child" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; ">Top-down modelling approaches focus on the operation of the entire infrastructure system, and then estimate the
performance and significance of infrastructure subsystems and assets based on the overall system dynamics. Top-down modelling may provide a greater accuracy of the overall system
operation with less detail on the functioning of individual assets within the system. Top-down analyses characterize high-level system operations and help identify cascading and
escalating failures within individual systems. Ultimately, top-down analyses help identify supply areas that would potentially be affected by the loss or degradation of the resource
supplied by the critical infrastructure considered (e.g., areas without electric power). Considering energy systems, top-down analyses can allow analysts to identify areas where, for
example, natural gas supply shortages could occur.</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid black; color: white; background-color: #003478;">Top-down Approaches can be characterized as:</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; color: #003478;">Being centralized</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; color: black;">The focus is entire network such as the entire electric grid or the complete span of a supply chain from raw materials to consumer distribution. The analysis might consider the entire transportation network dataset, including all of the facilities that support intermodal exchange and storage and logistics and distribution all together as a single entity made up of many component parts that operate together to facilitate a supply chain.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; color: #003478;">It targets system-level data</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; color: black;">It can be based on interview with infrastructure owners and operators, asset and system-level characterizations, individual system modeling and failure analysis, or coupled system modeling and failure analysis.<br />The top-down approach is often the result of system modeling and large datasets, but it is also possible to develop system-level analyses without all of the complexity of a model.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; color: #003478;">The goal is to understand the characteristics of entire systems</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; color: black;">The focus is not just on specific connections between specific assets, but rather system-level analysis is about searching for information on how assets operate together and where critical nodes are located.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; color: #003478;">The assessment is going from the global to the specific—hence “top-down” —in building an understanding of infrastructure dependencies.</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; color: black;">Whereas the bottom-up approach is inductive, conducting the analysis from the specific to the global and involving collecting asset-by-asset data and starting to paint the picture of a community, region, or system, the top-down approach moves from the global to the specific and is therefore deductive – building an understanding of the whole system in order to characterize its parts.<br />Top-down approaches can help to characterizes operations, connections, behaviors, and dynamics across systems, and help identify dependencies and interdependencies within and between individual systems.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline !important; font-weight: bold !important; color: #003478;">Examples of top-down approaches</span></p>
<div class="flex-container" style="display: flex; margin: 0 auto;">
<div id="flex-child" style="margin-right: 2px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">
<p><em><span style="text-decoration: underline !important; font-weight: bold !important; color: #003478;">EPfast</span></em></p>
<img width="60%" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/35dad61ea6e45b4930a2930a0660c25c/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img13.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></div>
<div id="flex-child" style="margin-right: 2px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline !important; font-weight: bold !important; color: #003478;">CIPCast</span></p>
<img width="60%" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/c5e589c1194b6e3ab25fd5c69c2aa4e6/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img14.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></div>
<div id="flex-child" style="margin-right: 2px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline !important; font-weight: bold !important; color: #003478;">GRRASP</span></p>
<img width="50%" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/55001d42b0a714717add969b5f4d6074/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img15.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></div>
</div>
<p></p>
<p><span style="color: #003478;">Expand the accordions below to see larger version of these figures and for more information on these examples.</span></p>
<div><button class="accordion_new_TD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478;" background-image: none; >Electric Power Modeling <em> (EPfast)</em></button>
<div class="panel_TD"><center><br/><img style="width: 700px;" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/35dad61ea6e45b4930a2930a0660c25c/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img13.png" /></center><center><span style="color: #003478;">(Portante et al., 2018)</span></center><br/>
<p>This hypothetical scenario represents an example of interdependencies between natural gas and electric power using
<span style="color: #003478; text-decoration: underline !important; font-weight: bold !important;">EPfast</span> and
<span style="color: #003478; text-decoration: underline !important; font-weight: bold !important;">NGfast</span> models.
This scenario postulates the occurrence of lightning strikes on a major natural gas compressor station and the resulting disruptions in the natural gas
(i.e., processing plants and pipelines) and electric power (i.e., outage islands, and power plants) transmission systems. The simulation results highlight the electric sector’s
reliance on natural gas as fuel.<br/><br/>
<span style="color: #003478; font-style: italic !important; font-weight: bold !important;">EPfast</span> is a linear steady-state modeling tool for simulating the power system behavior of large power systems
following power disruptions caused by the loss of system components that consist of various transmission lines, substations, and generating plants. The model explores the
possibility of the uncontrolled islanding that can be caused when a man-made or natural disaster disrupts a major power system, leading to successive (i.e., cascading)
steady- state line overloads.<br/><br/>
<span style="color: #003478; font-style: italic !important; font-weight: bold !important;">NGfast</span> is a stand-alone program designed to quantify the impacts of
man-made or natural disasters on natural gas systems, occurring specifically as a result of pipeline breaks or loss of pressure. Impacts are measured in terms of extent of
gas volume lost, states affected, utilities affected, number and type of customers affected, and amount of gas-based generation capacity affected.<br /><br />
<i><span style="color: #003478;">Reference:</span></i> Portante, Edgar C., James Kavicky, Brian A. Craig, Leah Talaber Malone, and Stephen F. Folga, 2017,
“Modeling Electric Power and Natural Gas System Interdependencies,” Technical paper, Journal of Infrastructure Systems, Volume 23, Issue 4, December, Washington, DC, USA,
available <a href="https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29IS.1943-555X.0000395" target="[object Object]">here</a>, accessed on April 15, 2021.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div><button class="accordion_new_TD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none; ">Decision Support System for Risk Analysis and Forecast of Critical Infrastructure (CIPCast)</button>
<div class="panel_TD"><center><br/><img style="width: 700px;" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/c5e589c1194b6e3ab25fd5c69c2aa4e6/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img14.png"/></center><center><span style="color: #003478;">(Italian node of the European Infrastructure
Simulation and Analysis Centre!)</span></center><br/>
<p>The Decision Support System for Risk Analysis and Forecast of Critical Infrastructure is a tool developed by the European Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Centre
(EISAC-IT).<br /><br /> The EISAC-IT Initiative aims at establishing a collaborative, European-wide platform in the domain of Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP),
for supporting operators and public authorities in better protecting assets and in enhancing their resilience with respect to all hazards.<br /><br /> CIPCast is a decision
support system that uses what-if analyses to predict the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>The current state of risk on the basis of the predicted natural hazards</li>
<li>The disruption that the predicted damage can produce on critical infrastructure systems</li>
<li>The time-space extension of the critical infrastructure systems disruptions and an estimate of its consequences</li>
<li>The optimal recovery strategy to reduce adverse consequences</li>
<li>All that on synthetic scenarios (what-if analysis)</li>
</ul>
<br />
<p><span style="color: #003478;"><i>Reference:</i></span> Italian node of the European Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Centre!, available <a href="http://www.eisac.it/" target="[object Object]">here</a>, accessed on April 15, 2021.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div><button class="accordion_new_TD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; background-color: #003478; background-image: none; ">Geospatial Risk and Resilience Assessment Platform (GRRASP)</button>
<div class="panel_TD"><center><br/><img style="width: 700px;" src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/55001d42b0a714717add969b5f4d6074/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Img15.png" /></center><center><span style="color: #003478;">(European Commission, 2016)</span></center><br/>
<p>The Geospatial Risk and Resilience Assessment Platform (GRRASP) has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Center in the Directorate E – Space, Security, and
Migration. See https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/research- topic/critical-infrastructure-protection. <br /><br /> GRRASP is a World Wide Web oriented architecture bringing together
geospatial technologies and computational tools for the analysis and simulation of critical infrastructures. It allows information sharing and constitutes a basis for future
developments in the direction of collaborative analysis and federated simulation.<br/><br/><i><span style="color: #003478;">Reference:</span></i> European Commission, 2016,
“Geospatial Risk and Resilience Assessment Platform,” The European Commission's science and knowledge service, available <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/grrasp"
target="[object Object]">here</a>, accessed on April 15, 2021.</p>
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<p>The general concepts presented in this module constitute the foundations necessary to approach infrastructure security and resilience problems with a dependency mindset. Dependencies should be used to frame thinking about critical energy network protection and community resilience.<br/><br/>
<span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">The four key elements presented through this module are:</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">1.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Integrating dependencies in risk and resilience management requires consistent effort.</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px; ">a.<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Assessing dependencies is a complex process</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px; ">b.<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Leverage the experience of past events to understand dependency interactions.</p>
<p><span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">2.<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Remember that dependencies operate across several dimensions and contexts.</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px; ">a.<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Categories, classes, types of failure, and state of operation.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px; ">b.<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>They constitute a system of systems.</p>
<p><span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">3.<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Start with foundational who, what, where, why, when, how questions to determine what is truly important. These can help analysts to:</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px; ">a.<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Identify the needs and requirements of regional stakeholders.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px; ">b.<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Define the objectives and scope of the dependency analysis.</p>
<p><span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;">4.<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Select the most appropriate assessment approach</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px; ">a.<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Bottom-up or top-down or some combination of the two.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px; ">b.<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Assessment will be based on data availability, time, resources, stakeholder engagement, etc.</p>
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<div class="accordion-title"><span style="font-size: 14pt !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-align: center; ">You need to develop a critical infrastructure dependency mindset!</span></div>
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<div style="background-color: #bdd7ee; color: black; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px; border-radius: 25px; padding: 10px; margin: 5px; width: 100%; padding-left: 10px;">Infrastructure dependencies vary significantly in scale and complexity</div><br/>
<div style="background-color: #bdd7ee; color: black; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 25px; padding: 10px; margin: 5px; width: 100%; padding-left: 10px;">Various dimensions of dependencies exist simultaneously</div><br/>
<div style="background-color: #bdd7ee; color: black; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 25px; padding: 10px; margin: 5px; width: 100%; padding-left: 10px;">Dependencies are intuitive, but often not easy to identify</div><br/>
<div style="background-color: #bdd7ee; color: black; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 25px; padding: 10px; margin: 5px; width: 100%; padding-left: 10px;">The 5Ws 1H approach helps guiding the analysis</div><br/>
<div style="background-color: #bdd7ee; color: black; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 25px; padding: 10px; margin: 5px; width: 100%; padding-left: 10px;">Dependency analyzes requires multidisciplinary and collaborative approaches</div><br/>
<div style="background-color: #bdd7ee; color: black; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 25px; padding: 10px; margin: 5px; width: 100%; padding-left: 10px;">Go beyond first order dependency to fully understand dependencies impacts</div><br/>
<div style="background-color: #bdd7ee; color: black; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 25px; padding: 10px; margin: 5px; width: 100%; padding-left: 10px;">Critical thinking and imagination are key in the identification of dependencies</div>
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<div>The following learning quiz will help you test your understanding of the important elements presented in the Critical Infrastructure Dependencies module.<br/><br/>
The test includes five questions.<br/><br/>
<p style="color: #003478;">In case you make a mistake while answering a question, <span style="text-decoration: underline !important;">go back to the corresponding sections to review the concepts presented.</span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #003478; color: white; font-weight: bold !important;" colspan="2">Identifying, Understanding, and Analyzing Critical Infrastructure Interdependencies</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 15%"><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/a43709c1476028b9a3b769c9f5f259e4/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Rd1.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></td>
<td style="align: left; vertical-align: top;">This paper proposes a framework to define the dimensions, and explore the challenges and complexities of infrastructure dependency and
interdependency. It introduces the fundamental concept of infrastructures as complex adaptive systems.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;"><em>Reference:</em></span>
Rinaldi, S. M., J. P. Peerenboom, and T. K. Kelly, 2001, <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/969131" target="_blank">Identifying, Understanding, and Analyzing Critical
Infrastructure Interdependencies</a>, IEEE Control Systems Magazine, IEEE, 21(6): 11–25, DOI: 10.1109/37.969131, accessed on April 15, 2021.</td>
</tr>
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<td style="background-color: #003478; color: white; font-weight: bold !important;" colspan="2">Regional Resiliency Assessment Program Dependency Analysis Framework</td>
</tr>
<tr style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle;">
<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 15%"><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/68c8fde669c62e9eddbfdf8df03339a9/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Rd2.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></td>
<td style="align: left; vertical-align: top;">The purpose of this report is to develop a common understanding and consistent analytic approach for evaluating critical infrastructure
dependencies and interdependencies that will inform the programs of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Protective Security Coordination Division (PSCD). The framework
outlined here prioritizes a need to tie together top-down and bottom-up analyses to produce a comprehensive “system of systems” view of dependencies and interdependencies that
integrates the best available data. Examples of dependency and interdependency analyses from recent Regional Resiliency Assessment Program (RRAP) projects are included to illustrate
practical applications of these concepts in support of infrastructure resilience.</td>
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<td colspan="2"><span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;"><em>Reference:</em></span>
Petit, F., D. Verner, and L-A. Levy, 2017, <a href="https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2018/04/137844.pdf" target="_blank">Regional Resiliency Assessment Program Dependency Analysis
Framework</a>, Argonne National Laboratory, Global Security Sciences Division, ANL/GSS-17/05, Argonne, Ill, USA, accessed on April 15, 2021.</td>
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<td style="background-color: #003478; color: white; font-weight: bold !important;" colspan="2">Analysis of Critical Infrastructure Dependencies and Interdependencies</td>
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<td style="align: middle; vertical-align: middle; width: 15%"><img src="//d24jp206mxeyfm.cloudfront.net/assets/courseware/v1/8be183dd7f3a93304cf699cc5d9c4015/asset-v1:OSCE+CriticalEnergyNetworks101+2021+type@asset+block/Mod3_Rd3.png" alt="Get Alt Text" /></td>
<td style="align: left; vertical-align: top;">This report proposes a multi-phase roadmap to support dependency and interdependency assessment activities nationwide, identifying a range of
data inputs, analysis activities, and potential products for each phase, as well as key steps needed to progress from one phase to the next. The report concludes by outlining a
comprehensive, iterative, and scalable framework for analyzing dependencies and interdependencies that stakeholders can integrate into existing risk and resilience assessment efforts.
</td>
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<td colspan="2"><span style="color: #003478; font-weight: bold !important;"><em>Reference:</em></span> Petit, F., D. Verner, D. Brannegan, W. Buehring, D. Dickinson, K. Guziel, R. Haffenden,
J. Phillips, and J. Peerenboom, 2015, <a href="https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2015/06/111906.pdf" target="_blank">Analysis of Critical Infrastructure Dependencies and
Interdependencies</a>, Argonne National Laboratory, Global Security Sciences Division, ANL/GSS-15/4, Argonne, Ill, USA, accessed on April 15, 2021.</td>
</tr>
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